Yuniarti

Anatomy Department
Faculty of Medicine
UNISBA
•Kidneys are retroperitoneal structures on the posterior abdominal wall.

•Retroperitoneal are outside the peritoneal cavity—external or posterior to the

parietal peritoneum and are only partially covered with peritoneum (usually on
one surface). Organs such as the kidneys are between the parietal
peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall and have parietal peritoneum only
on their anterior surfaces

A typical adult kidney is

* 10–12 cm (4–5 in.) long
* 5–7 cm wide
* 3 cm thick
*has a mass of 135–150 gr
• The kidneys lie on the posterior abdominal wall at the level of the T12-
L3 vertebrae.
• The right kidney lies at a slightly lower level than the left kidney,
probably owing to its relationship to the liver.
• Perinephric fat (perirenal fat capsule ) surrounds the kidneys and
suprarenal glands and is continuous with the fat in the renal sinus
• The kidneys, suprarenal glands, and perinephric fat surrounding
them are enclosed (except inferiorly) by a membranous layer of renal
fascia.
• External to the renal fascia is the paranephric fat (pararenal fat body)
•Each kidney has :
-anterior and posterior surfaces
- medial and lateral margins
-superior and inferior poles.

• At the concave medial

margin of each kidney is a
vertical cleft, the renal
hilum.
•A frontal section through the kidney reveals two distinct regions:
1. a superficial, light red area called the renal cortex
2. a deep, darker reddish-brown inner region called the renal medulla

RENAL MEDULLA

•The renal medulla consists of several cone-

shaped renal pyramids.

•The base (wider end) of each pyramid faces

the renal cortex, and its apex (narrower end),
called a renal papilla, points toward the renal
hilum

RENAL CORTEX

•The renal cortex is the smooth textured

area extending from the renal capsule
to the bases of the renal pyramids and into
the spaces between them.
•Those portions of the renal cortex that
extend between renal pyramids
are called renal columns.

• renal lobe consists of a renal pyramid, its

overlying area of renal cortex and one-half of
each adjacent renal column.
• The hilum expands into a
cavity within the kidney
called the renal sinus

• which contains :
 renal pelvis
 calyces
 renal blood vessel
 nerves
 adipose tissue helps
stabilize the position of these
structures in the renal sinus.
• Nephrons are the
functional units of the
kidneys.

• Each nephron consists

of two parts:
1. a renal corpuscle,
where blood plasma is
filtered
2. a renal tubule into which
the filtered fluid passes.
 Renal corpuscle

• The two components of a renal corpuscle are :

1. the glomerulus (capillary network)
2. glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, a double-walled epithelial
cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries
Vascularization of the kidney
Urinary organs are the :
• Ureters, which carry urine from the kidneys

• Urinary bladder, which temporarily stores urine

• Urethra, which conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior

• The ureters are muscular tubes,
25-30 cm long

• The ureters connect the kidneys

to the urinary bladder

• The ureters are retroperitoneal;

their superior halves are in the
abdomen and their inferior halves
lie in the pelvis.
• The ureters are normally
constricted to a variable
degree in three places:

(1) at the junction of the ureters and

renal pelves
(2) where the ureters cross the brim
of the pelvic inlet
(3) during their passage through the
wall of
the urinary bladder.

**These constricted areas are

potential sites of obstruction
by ureteric (kidney) stones.
Arterial supply of the ureters

Venous supply of the ureters

• Veins from the ureters

accompany the arteries
and have corresponding names
• Urinary bladder, a hollow viscus with strong
muscular walls, is characterized by its distenbility.

• The urinar bladder is a temporary reservoir for

urine and varies in size, shape,position, and
relationship according to its content and the state
of neighboring viscera.
The bladder is
relatively free within
the extraperitoneal
subcutaneous fatty
tissue.

Except for its neck,

which is hels firmly
by the lateral
ligaments of bladder
and the tendinous
arch of the pelvic
fascia, especially its
anterior components,
the puboprostatic
ligament in males
and the pubovesical
ligament in females
• When empty, the adult urinary bladder is located in the lesser pelvis
• As the bladder fills, it enters the greater pelvis. In some individual, a full bladder may ascend to the
level of the umbilicus
• The bladder’s four surfaces (superior, two inferolateral and posterior) are
most apparent when viewing an empty

• At the end of micturition

(urination) the bladder of a
normal adult contains virtually
no urine.

• When empty, the bladder is

somewhat tetrahedral and
externally has an apex, body,
fundus and neck
The walls of the bladder are composed chiefly of the detrusor muscle
• Toward the neck of the male bladder, the muscle fibers form the involuntary
Internal urethral sphincter.
• This sphincter contract during ejaculation to prevent retrogade ejaculation
of semen into the bladder. Then, that muscle fibers are continous with
the fibromuscular tissue of the prostate
In female, musce fibers in the neck of the bladder are continous with muscle fiber
in the wall of the urethra  The musculature surrounding the internal urethral
orifice of the female bladder is not organized into an internal sphincter.
The ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice are at the angles of the
Trigone of the bladder

The ureteric orifices are encircled by loops of detrusor musculature that

tighten when the bladder contracts to assist in preventing reflux of urine
into the ureter
Arterial supply of the bladder (female)

The main arteries supplying the bladder are branches of anterior division of
the internal iliac arteries :
a. Superior vesical ( superior aspect of urinary bladder)
b. Vaginal arteries ( fundus of female urinary bladder)
Arterial supply of the bladder (male) :
a. Superior vesical ( superior aspect of urinary bladder)
b. Inferior vesical (inferior aspect of male urinary bladder)
•The male urethra is a muscular tube (18-22cm long) that conveys urine from
the internal urethral orifice of the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice,
located at the tip of the glans penis in males

The male urethra is

divided into four parts :
1.Intramural (preprostatic)
part
2.Prostatic part
3.Intermediate
(membranous) part
4.Spongy urethra
Proximal male urethra (preprostatic & prostatic urethra)

Artery :
supplied by prostatic branches of the inferior vesical and middle rectal arteries

Veins :
from the proximal two parts of the urethra drain into the prostatic venous plexus
Distal male urethra (Intermediate & spongy urethra)
Artery :
from branches of the dorsal artery of the penis

Vein :
Veins accompany the arteries and have similar names.
Are paired oval glands in the
scrotum measuring about 5 cm long and
2.5 cm in diameter.

Each testis (singular) has a

mass of 10–15 grams.

tunica vaginalis : serous membrane

derived from the peritoneum  forms
during the descent of the
testespartially covers the testes

tunica albuginea :
Internal to the tunica vaginalis  is a
white fibrous capsule composed of
dense irregular connective tissue
The ductus deferens, which is
about 45 cm long, ascends along
the posterior border of the
epididymis  through the
spermatic cord and then 
enters the pelvic
cavity.

The dilated terminal portion of

the ductus deferens is the
Ampulla

Functionally, the ductus deferens

:
Conveys sperm during sexual
arousal from the epididymis
toward the urethra by peristaltic
contractions of its muscular coat.
Like the epididymis, the ductus
deferens also can store sperm
for several months.
The spermatic cord is a
structure to suspend the testis
in the scrotum and contain
structures running to and from
the testis

Spermatic cord consists of :

•the ductus (vas) deferens
•the testicular artery
•the pampiniform plexus
•autonomic nerves
•lymphatic vessels
•the cremaster muscle
The paired seminal
vesicles or seminal
glands are convoluted
pouchlike structures

about 5 cm in length

 lying posterior to the

base of the urinary bladder
and anterior to the rectum
The prostate is a single,
doughnut-shaped gland
about the size of a golf
ball.

It measures about 4 cm
from side to side, about 3
cm from top to bottom, and
about 2 cm from front to
back.

It is inferior to the urinary

bladder and surrounds the
prostatic urethra
The paired bulbourethral gland
or Cowper’s glands, are about
the size of peas.

They are located inferior to the

prostate on either side of the
membranous urethra
within the deep muscles of the
perineum, and their ducts open
into the spongy urethra
 The scrotum (SKRO¯
-tum bag)

 The supporting
structure for the
testes

 Consists of loose skin

and underlying
subcutaneous layer
that hangs from the
root (attached
portion) of the penis
 It is situated
posteroinferior to the
penis and inferior to the
pubic symphysis
  The penis is the male copulatory organ and,
by conveying the urethra, provides the
common outlet for urine and semen

 Part of penis :
1. Root of penis
2. Crura of penis
3. Bulb of penis
4. Body of penis
5. Glans/head of penis
- Corona of the glans
- Neck of glans
- External urethral orifice
(meatus), is near the tip of
the glans.
The suspensory ligament
of the penis is a
condensation of deep fascia
that arises from the anterior
surface of the pubic
symphysis
Arterial Supply of Penis.
The penis is supplied mainly
by branches of the internal
pudendal arteries :

•Dorsal arteries of the penis

•Deep arteries of the penis
•Arteries of the bulb of the
penis

•In addition, superficial and

deep branches of the external
pudendal arteries supply the
penile skin