Constructivist

Instructional
Techniques
 Constructivism:

Construct
Knowledge
Schema
Facilitation skill
Self-reflection
Constructivist Theory (Jerome Bruner)

Learning is an active process in which learners construct new

ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. The
learner selects and transforms information, constructs
hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on a cognitive
structure to do so. Cognitive structure (i.e., schema, mental
models) provides meaning and organization to experiences and
allows the individual to “go beyond the information given”.
As far as instruction is concerned, the instructor
should try and encourage students to discover
principles by themselves. The instructor and student
should engage in an active dialog (i.e., socratic
learning).
The task of the instructor is to translate information
to be learned into a format appropriate to the
learner’s current state of understanding.
Curriculum should be organized in a spiral manner
so that the student continually builds upon what
they have already learned.
Goal Orientation and Situation:

Teacher clarifies goals of learning.

Tasks and problems are authentic
and stated in a meaningful
context.
Goal Orientation and Situation:

Teacher clarifies goals of learning.

 Teacher states the objectives of
the lesson to be discussed ( During
Presentation).
Goal Orientation and Situation:

Tasks and problems are authentic

and stated in a meaningful
context.
 Stories, literatures, passages,
problems are contextualized.
Provision of Anchors:
Learners relate new knowledge to
anchor in their prior knowledge.
 Pre-requisite skills and concepts are
discussed so that the NEW
skills/concepts will be easily mastered.
Modelling:

Teacher carries out complex

tasks and inform learners about
the process that are required to
accomplish those tasks.
Modelling:
Teacher carries out complex
tasks.
 Giving of guided activities and
parallel examples from simple to
difficult tasks.
Modelling:

Teacher informs learners about the process

that are required to accomplish those tasks.
 Utilization of activity cards
 Giving clear instructions before the activity
Coaching:
Teacher helps learners to find their OWN ways
to accomplish tasks.
 The teacher coaches the learners in doing
their tasks during individual and group
activities.
 The teacher keeps on posing questions
leading to the correct solution, giving hint,
prompting, redirecting learners towards right
processes.
Scaffolding and fading:

Teacher provides help that learners

need to carry out parts of the task
that they cannot yet master on their
own, then gradually withdraws as skills
of the learners grow.
Scaffolding and fading:
Teacher helps the learners in
accomplishing the tasks at the start
and letting them finish the work on
their own.
 The teacher must prepare a lot of
examples (activity sheets).
Articulations:

Teacher invites learners to

articulate their ideas, problems,
solutions, suggestions, and
thoughts.
Articulations:
 The teacher keeps on posing
questions, challenging problems,
and situations that sometimes
contradict their personal beliefs.
 The teacher welcomes all ideas
(the pros and the cons) during class
discussions.
Articulations:

 The teacher allows the learners

to do group reporting.
 The teacher accepts other forms
of self-expression (not just through
recitation/writing essays)
Reflection:
Learners compare their solutions to
the solutions offered by the teacher.
 The teacher allows the learners to
do self-check.
 The conduct of “Gallery Walk” is
encouraged.
Exploration:

Learners are exposed to

variety of problem-
solving activities.
Exploration:

 Problem-solving
activities refer to learning
tasks that require HOTS.
Collaboration:

Teacher creates ample opportunities for

learners to interact with each other.
Cooperative learning activities are being
done by the learners.
Productive noise is allowed.
Generalization:

Teacher transfers knowledge

and skills to a higher non-specific
level.
Generalization:

 It is the learners who articulate

the concepts being taught.
 The teacher simply asks the
learners of what they have
learned.
A Constructivist teacher is……