FUNDAMENTAL

OF MATERIAL
SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
By: WILLIAM D. CALLISTER, JR.
INTRODUCTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 After careful study of this chapter you should be

able to do the following:

1. List six different property classifications of

materials that determine their applicability.
2. Cite the four components that are involved in the
design, production, and utilization of materials,
and briefly describe the interrelationships between
these components.
3. Cite three criteria that are important in the
materials selection process.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 After careful study of this chapter you should be

able to do the following:

4. (a) List the three primary classifications of solid

materials, and then cite the distinctive chemical
feature of each.
(b) Note the other three types of materials and,
for each, its distinctive feature(s).
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Transportation, housing, clothing,
communication, recreation, and food production
 Ability to produce and manipulate materials to
fill their needs
 Early civilizations
 (i.e., Stone Age, Bronze Age)
 Materials, that occur naturally:
 stone, wood, clay, skins, etc
 Materials that had properties superior to those
of the natural ones
 pottery and various metals
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Properties of a material could be altered
 heat treatments and by addition of other
substances
 Scientistsunderstand the structural
elements of materials and their properties.
 Knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years
 different materials : metals, plastics, glasses, and
fibers
 Today,electronic devices rely on components
that are made from what are called
semiconducting materials
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING

 MATERIALS SCIENCE = It involves

investigating the relationships that exist
between the structures and properties of
materials
 MATERIALS ENGINEERING = designing
or engineering the structure of a material to
produce a predetermined set of properties
 ‘‘STRUCTURE’’ = It relates to the
arrangement of its internal components
 ‘‘MICROSCOPIC’’ = meaning that
which is subject to direct observation
using some type of microscope
 ‘‘MACROSCOPIC.’’ = structural
elements that may be viewed with the
naked eye
 “PROPERTY” = is a material trait in
terms of the kind and magnitude of
response to a specific imposed stimulus
PROPERTIES OF SOLID MATERIALS
Six different categories:
1) Mechanical-elastic modulus & strength
2) Electrical-conductivity & dielectric constant
3) Thermal-heat capacity & thermal conductivity
4) Magnetic-magnetic field
5) Optical-index of refraction and reflectivity
6) Deteriorative-chemical reactivity
IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF
MATERIAL SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING:

Processing
Structure
Properties
Performance
THREE ALUMINUM OXIDE
SPECIMENS.
WHY STUDY MATERIALS
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?

 Many of the applied scientist or

engineer are exposed to design problem
involving materials.
 It may be necessary to trade off one
characteristic for another.
 selection consideration is any
deterioration of material properties
 Economics: material cost to be use for
the product
THREE BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS
Of Solid Materials:
1. Metals
based primarily on chemical
2. Ceramics makeup and atomic structure
3. Polymers
Three other groups:
 Composites
 Semiconductors

 Biomaterials
METALS
Are metallic
elements that
have large
numbers of
nonlocalized
electrons.
 CERAMICS
• Are metallic elements
that have large numbers
of nonlocalized
electrons.
• Compounds between
metallic and
nonmetallic elements;
• they are most frequently
oxides, nitrides, and
carbides.
POLYMERS
Are organic
compounds that are
chemically based
on carbon,
hydrogen, and
other nonmetallic
elements
COMPOSITES
Are engineered
materials that
consist of more
than one material
type
SEMICONDUCTORS
Intermediate
between the
electrical
conductors and
insulators
BIOMATERIALS
Are materials
employed in
components
implanted into the
human body for
replacement of
diseased or
damaged body
parts
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Materials that are utilized in
high-technology (or high-tech)
applications
examples include electronic
equipment (VCRs, CD players,
etc.), computers, fiberoptic
systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and
military rocketry
MODERN MATERIALS’
NEEDS
 more sophisticated and specialized
materials
 disposal of radioactive waste
 Reducing the weight of transportation
vehicles
 increasing engine operating
temperatures
 highstrength, low-density structural
materials
MODERN MATERIALS’
NEEDS

economical sources of energy

ability to control air and water
pollution
less adverse environmental impact
Renewable source
THE END