Arjeane Doctor

Roy Vincent Domalaon

Reden Clerigo
Vanessa Cometa
METALS
 The exception of hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons
during chemical reactions called metals. Thus metals are electropositive elements with
relatively low ionization energies.

Properties of Metals:
• State: metals are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury, which is liquid at room
temperature.
• Luster: metals have the quality of reflecting light from their surface and can be polished.
• Malleability: metals have the ability to withstand hammering and can be made into thin sheets
known as foils.
• Ductility: metals can be drawn into wires.
• Hardness: all metals are hard except sodium and potassium, which are soft and can be cut with
a knife.
• Valency: metals typically have 1 to 3 electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms.
• Conduction: metals are good conductors because they have free electrons. Silver and copper
are the two best conductors of heat and electricity. Lead is the poorest conductor of heat. (bismuth,
mercury, and iron are also poor conductors.
• Density: metals have high density and are very heavy. Iridium and osmium have the highest
densities whereas lithium has the lowest density.
• Melting and Boiling Point: metals have high melting and boiling points. Tungsten has the
highest melting and boiling points whereas mercury has the lowest. Sodium and potassium also have
low melting points.
Chemical Properties of Metals
• Electropositive character: metals tend to have low ionization energies and typically lose
electrons(i.e. are oxidized) when they undergo chemical reactions they normally do not accept
electrons.
 Compounds of metals with non-metals to be ionic in nature. Most metal oxides are basic
oxides and dissolve in water to form metal hydroxides.
 Metals oxides exhibit their basic chemical nature by reacting with acids to form metal salts
and water.
 CORROSION
 Corrosion is a chemical process that gradually breaks down materials.
 Electrons are exchange and new molecules form.

Corrosion Theory for Metals

 Pure metals contain bound energy, representing a higher energy state than that found in nature as
sulphides or oxides.

• Energy state of metal in

various forms.
Anode and Cathode
 In analysing corrosion, the first thing that must be determined is whether a metal reacts with its
environment. If so, the nature of the reaction must be understood. It is generally accepted that
corrosion processes are caused by the formation of electrochemical cells. The electrochemical
reactions in these cells can be divided into two reactions:

1) Anodic reactions
2) Cathodic reactions
where each reaction is called a half-cell reaction. In the anodic reaction, metal goes into
solution as an ion. The reaction is generally written as:
M --> Mn+ + ne-

where M is a metallic element, e- is an electron and n is the valence of the metal as an ion. An example
of this is Zinc where:
Zn --> Zn2+ + 2e-
CORROSION CELLS

 The copper will be

the positive
electrode and the
steel will be the
negative electrode.

 The current flows through the lamp from the copper plate to the steel plate.
Anode: Electrode from which positive current flows into a electrode.
Cathode: Electrode through which positive electric current leaves an
electrolyte.
  When positive iron
atoms go into
solution from the
steel plate, electrons
remain in metal and
are transported in
the opposite
direction, towards
the positive current.

The prerequisites for the formation of a bimetal cell are:

1. Electrolyte
2. Anode
3. Cathode
4. Oxidation medium, such as dissolved oxygen (O2) or hydrogen ions (H+)
Corrosion in Micro-Cells

 The anode part of the surface corroded.

Parameters affecting the corrosion rate:

• Oxidizing agents
• The electric conductivity of the electrolyte
• Temperature
• Concentration
Types Of Corrosion

1) Dry or Chemical Corrosion

• by oxygen, other gases and liquid metal

 Chemical corrosion can

be seen as oxidation and
occurs by action of dry
gases, often at high
temperatures.
• Oxidation of metals in different temperatures.

 Oxidation reaction: The anode reaction, by which electrons are given

up to the electrochemical cell.

 Reduction reaction: The cathode reaction, by which

electrons are accepted from the electrochemical cell.
2) Wet or Electro Chemical Corrosion
• by galvanic, pitting, crevice, waterline, stress and concentration cell or differential aeration.

 Electro chemical corrosion on

the other hand takes place by
electrode reaction, often in
humid environments.
• An electrochemical cell is composed of pure lead electrodes in solutions of their respective divalent
ions. For 0.6 M concentration of Cu2+, the lead electrode is oxidized yielding a cell potential of 0.507 V.
calculate the concentration of Pb2+ ions if the temperature is 25℃.
3) General Corrosion
• General corrosion on a competitors cast iron pump.

 General corrosion is characterized by an

overall attack on the surface. The
corrosion takes place without
distinguished and cathode areas.
5) Pitting Corrosion
• Pitting corrosion on a stainless steel stator housing operating in sae water.

 Typical examples of pitting corrosion

can be seen on aluminium and stainless
steels in liquids containing chloride.
(e.g. Water)
4) Galvanic Corrosion
• Galvanic corrosion of eye bolt connected to an stainless.

 When two different metals

are electrically connected
and in contact with an
electrolyte(liquid), they
will form a galvanic cell
where the more noble
material is cathodic and
the less noble anodic.
6) Crevice Corrosion
• Crevice corrosion on a stainless nut exposed to seawater.

 Crevice takes place in

confined liquid filled
slots and crevice where
the liquid circulation is
prevented.
8) Stress Corrosion
• Austenitic stainless steel subjects to stress corrosion cracking.

 Tensile stresses arise for example during

cold work of steel sheet or as a result of
directly applied load. Stress corrosion is
generally connected with austenitic
stainless steels in contact with liquids
containing chlorides.