HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN

THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
TEACHING OBJECTIVES:

 Explain how science and technology affected the

society and environment and vice-versa;
 identify inventionsand deiscoveries that changed
the world over the course of history;
 discuss the scientific and technological
developments in the Philippines
INTRODUCTION

Science and Technology make difficult

and complicated tasks easier and
allow people to do more with so little
effort and time.
INTRODUCTION

Science and Technology is brought

about by gradual improvements to
earlier works from different time
periods.
INTRODUCTION

The driving force behind this

continous progress is the desire to
raise the quality of life of the people.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain

In 17th century Britain, the beginnings of an

agricultural revolution would eventually lead
to an industrial revolution, changing the
country – and the world – forever. But why
Britain? There were several reasons:
The industrial revolution begins in Britain

Agriculture
Agriculture had been Britain’s primary
economy for centuries and the introduction of
new farming systems in the 18th century
resulted in better crops, more food, and
healthier people. As a result, the population
grew, and that meant a larger workforce.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain

Natural resources
Three natural resources played key roles in the
industrial revolution: coal, iron and
waterways. Britain had them all in abundance.
Before steam was harnessed, water served as a
primary source of power. Britain’s waterways
also provided a mode of transportation for
importing and exporting goods.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain
Political stability
Civil war and revolution (1603–1714) greatly
weakened monarchy control, thus changing the
way that prices, wages and interest rates were
determined. The ideas of John Locke, Adam Smith
and the revolutionaries, which provided
philosophical and economic grounds for the
protection of individual rights, also had a strong
influence on changing British culture and politics.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain
Political stability
Meanwhile, our distance from mainland Europe
protected us from wars that were happening abroad. The
result of all of these factors was that the country was
able to enjoy a long period of peace and prosperity in
which workers were able to thrive and save money. This
increased population wealth, along with our rich natural
resources and advancing agricultural production,
brought about economic stability and increased
investment in developing new technologies.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain
Freedom of thought
British scientists played a key role in the industrial
revolution, and their inventions were made possible
by the country’s rational and scientifically-focused
attitude towards intellectual development.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain
Profit-driven agriculture
Before the war, much of the land in England was
collectively ‘owned’ and the serf system meant
there was little incentive to improve lands or
produce more than was needed for immediate
sustenance. However, by 1830 most of it had made
its way into the hands of individual owners. For the
first time, farmers were able to own their own
lands, improve and cultivate them as they saw fit,
and reap the rewards for doing so.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain
Profit-driven agriculture
The result was increased competition, which
sparked innovative thinking and encouraged
investment. Increased demand for better and more
efficient agricultural tools led to a number of
innovations, including the seed drill (1731) and
threshing machine (1784). Improvements to the
land itself meant that the quality and quantity of
crops were improved.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain
Better infrastructure
Using money saved as a result of more efficient
agricultural production, farmers, private
businessmen and entrepreneurs set their sights on
improving Britain’s transportation system. Most of
the roads, canals and railways built during this time
were not financed by government but by
individuals.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain
Better infrastructure
Interestingly, whereas English roads had been
amongst the worst in Europe, this change in
financier not only improved existing roads but
allowed for the development of a vast network of
new roads. As a result, production and trade
volume increased and vendors were able to market
their products nationally as well as locally.
The industrial revolution begins in Britain
Powered by steam
Key to mass production and the increase in foreign
trade was the ability to harness steam as a power
source, and key to the steam engine was coal.
Improvements in mining technology meant that
more coal could be extracted, which meant, in
turn, that steam power became a viable, affordable
power option for both industry and transportation.
1. Hunting and Gathering (5000 BCE)
2. Agricultural (3000 BCE)

“Age of Discovery and output increased 50x”

Fundamental technology: Steam and water energy

Top technologies and innovations: Mechanical Steam
Power
Tipping point: Car, Radio and weaving loom
Technical growth: Steam Engine, Mechanization, Iron,
Textile Industry, and Mining and metallurgy
Network Effect: (Railways) urbanization, commercial
agriculture, immigration, industry and
modernization
Disruptive technologies: Handlooms displaced weavers
3. Industrial (1870-1970)
“Mass production, Division of Labour and electric
energy”
Fundamental technology: Technical Revolution
Top technologies and innovations: Telegraph, Telephone,
Electric light, Internal
Combustion engine, airplane, television
Tipping point: Steel, electricity and chemicals
Technical growth: Steam Engine, Mechanization, Iron,
Textile Industry, and Mining and metallurgy
Network Effect: Telephone, Pblic healt office, consumer
credit, fashion, fast fo, mass agriculture, mass leisure,
travel, mass production assemby line, petroleum
Disruptive technologies: Telephone displaced telegraph
4. Information (1969-2000)
“Electronics, IT and automation”
Fundamental technology: Information age
Top technologies and innovations: PC, Smart phone and
cloud computing
Tipping point: Computer, internet, and mobile
communication
Technical growth: AI to enhance decision making process
Using of AI and machine learning to
interact with people
Network Effect: Recent job creation,(e.g. data scientist,
social media managers and digital marketers
Disruptive technologies: Jobs with less automation will be
safest
5. Wisdom (2000 onwards)

“Cyber Physical systems”

Fundamental technology: Communication and digital
production
Top technologies and innovations: Autonomous vehicles,
advanced and 2-d materials, AI, AR, Big data and analytics,
Biotech, Blockchain, Behavioral SCience, Cyber security,
Drones, Human enhancements, IOT and nano sensors,
quantum computing, neuro science, nanotechnology,
precision medicine, renewable energy, robotics, next
generation batteries and 3-d printing
5. Wisdom (2000 onwards)
Tipping point: Digital energy networks, digital health,
digital transportation, digital communication

Technical growth: (IOT Sensors) help for maintenance,

repair and opertaion, (BLockchain) for distributed,
decentralized and tokenized ledgers

Network Effect: Safe jobs are chefs, marketing, design,

health care professionals, education and training, cyber
security experts, human resources, delivery and logistics,
data scientists, short term contract work.

Disruptive technologies: (Least safe jobs) telemarketers,

loan officers, cashiers, paralegal and legal assisstant, taxi
driver, fast food cook
INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES THAT CHANGED THE
WORLD OVER THE COURSE OF HISTORY
TRANSPORTATION
was very significant because
people were trying to go places and
discover new horizons. (for food,
better locations, exchange)
COMMUNICATION
was very significant because
people needed a way to communicate with
the natives of the areas they visited
so as to facilitate trade and prevent
possible conflicts. And also for record
keeping to remember the places they've
been to and document the trade the've
made.
WEAPONS AND ARMOR
these were important in finding
new places or the establishmentof new
alliances with other tribes. as suchthe
development of armor and weapons for
security and protection was considered
a major achievement.
CONSERVATION OF LIFE
the early people might have been
successful in harnessing the rich
resources that the world could provide,
but their survival posed a great
problem.different illness and diseases
, both natural and man-made, hampered
the full potential of a human being.
because of these, they discovered the
cures to, if not the prevention of,
ENGINEERING
the development in these field
allowed humans to build structures that
would address their specific needs and
wants.
ARCHITECTURE
this would be a symbol among
nations of how advanced their
technologyis. it may also establish the
identity of a nation.
 Sumeria is located in the
southermost tip of ancient
Mesopotamia.
 Sumerians are known for high
degree of cooperationwith one
another and their desire for
great things.
CUNEIFORM
the first writing system
developed by sumerians. A system
that utilizes word, pctures and
triangular symbols which are
curved on clay using wedge
instruments and then left to dry. It
allowed the sumerians to keep
records of things with great
historical value or their everyday
life
URUK CITY
it is considered as the first
true city in the world but also for
the way it was erected. their were
no building stones in the location
of the city and lumber was limited,
making the construction is a big
challenge. they built the city using
only mud or clay from the river
which they mixed with reeds
producing sun-baked bricks.
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
the zuggurat, also called the
mountain of god, was built the same
manner that they constructed the city
of uruk. The ziggurat served as the
sacred place of their chief god, where
only their priests are allowed to enter.
The temple showcasesnot only the
elaborate and intricate sumerian
architecture but also remarkable
technology used to build it.
IRRIGATION AND DIKES
as populatiion increased, so
did the demand for food. It is
difficult twater from the rivers,
thus they cannot maintain
farmlands. as a solution for this
delimma, the sumerian created
dikes and gation canals to bring
water to farmlands and the same
time control the flooding of the
rivers.
SAILBOATS
at that time, the wheel was not
yet invented; the main mode of
transportation was through water ways
such as rivers and seas. They needed a
mode of transportation that did not
require much human resource. They
inevented sailboats to address the
increasing demands. It is also essential
in transportation, trading, fosering
culture, informationand technology.
WHEEL
the first wheels were not
made for transportation but for
farm work and food processes.
with the use of wheel and axle,
mass production was made easier.
Farmers were able to mill grains
with less effort in less time.
PLOW
Humans evolved from being
food gatherer to farm cultivators.
However, farmers needed a
technology which would enable
them to dig the ground where
seeds would be planted. The plow
is invented to dig the Earth in a
faster pace.
ROADS
In order to facilitate faster and
easier travel, the sumerians
developed the first roads. they
later poured btumen, a black
sticky substance similar to asphalt,
to smoothen the roads.
This civilization emerged near the
Tigris and Euphrates river. The
Babylonians were great builders,
engineers, and architects. One of
their major contribution is the
hanging gardens of Babylon, one
of the seven wonders of the
ancient world.
HANGING GARDEN
If the stories are true, it would
be considered one of the greatest
engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that is
almost impossible to replicate.
Aside from engineering
technology, the egyptian have
contributed other practical things
that the world now consider as
essential.
PAPER OR PAPYRUS
Papyrus was a plant that grow
abundantly along the nile river in
Egypt. Since papyrus was lighter
and thinner than clay tablets, it
was easy to carry and store. The
sheets was also less breakable as
compared to clay tablets.
INK
The ink must withstand the
elements of nature since it was
used to record history, culture, and
codified laws.
HIEROGLYPHICS
a form of writing using
symbols. This form of writing can
sti be seen today and remains to
be as famous as the pyramids
where they found. It is the
langguage that tell the world of
the history and culture of the
ancient Egyptians.
COSMETICS
Although cosmetics in the
modern times are used to improve
and highlight the facial features of
a person, their function in ancient
Egypt was for both health and
aesthetic reasons. Egyptians also
believed that a person wearing a
make up was protected from evil
and that beauty was a sign of
holiness.
WIG
Wigs were worn for health for
health and wellness rather than for
aesthetic purposes. The wigs are
used to protect the shaved heads
of the wealthy egyptians from the
harmful rays of the Sun. Moreover,
it was considered cleaner than
natural hair because it prevented
the accumulation of head lice.
WATER CLOCK
This device utilizes gravity
that affects the flow of water from
one vessel to the other. The
amount of water remaining in the
device determines how much time
has elapsed since it is full.
 1. Conservation of life
 2. Engineering
 3. Communication
 4. Architecture
 5. Cuneiform
 6. Wheel
 7. Ziggurat of Ur
 8. Plow
 9. Btumen
 10. Hieroglyphics
 11. Wig
 12. Papyrus
 13. Cosmetics
 14. Water mill
 15. Rome
 16. Roman numerals
 17. Alarm clock
 18. Chinese civilization
 19. Gun powder
 20. Tea
 21. Telescope
 22. Microscope
 23. Chainmail
 24. Body armor