SEISMIC CODE

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
ELECTIVE 2

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE
Asst. Prof II
 SEISMIC CODE
• INTRODUCTION
• SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR
• OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES
• SEISMIC IMPORTANCE FACTORS
• SOIL PROFILE TYPES
• SEISMIC SOURCE CLASSIFICATIONS
• NEAR SOURCE FACTORS
• SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENTS
• RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR
• SEISMIC FORCE AMPLIFICATION FACTORS
• STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT
 SEISMIC CODE
• REGULAR / IRREGULAR STRUCTURES
• EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ON BUILDING
ARCHITECTURE
• BUILDING PERIOD
• EARTHQUAKE LOADS
• TOTAL SEISMIC DEAD LOAD

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 INTRODUCTION
• Code
o is a set of rules adopted by an organization
empowered to enforce the code.

• SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES

o ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE
PHILIPPINES (ASEP)
o NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
(NSCP)

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS, Z
o Accounts for the amount of seismic risk present in a
building’s seismic zone based on the anticipated
maximum ground acceleration at the site.
o The zone factor of 0.4 in zone 4 implies that the
maximum base effective peak acceleration is 0.4𝑔
for the design earthquake.
o The value of the seismic zone factors are developed
considering historical records and geological data
and seismological information.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS
• Zone 2 covers the
provinces of Palawan
(except) Busuanga), Sulu
and Tawi – Tawi, while the
rest of the country is
under Zone 4.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES
o Essential Facilities
• Are emergency facilities that must remain
operational after an earthquake.
• Include hospitals with surgery and emergency
treatment facilities, fire and police stations,
emergency preparedness structures (including
structures housing emergency vehicles) and
government communication centers required for
emergency response.
• Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles
and emergency aircrafts
• Aviation control towers

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES
o Hazardous Facilities
• Are used to store or support dangerous toxic or
explosive chemicals or substances.
• Non-building structures storing, supporting or
containing quantities of toxic or explosive
substances
o Special Occupancy Structures
• Structures that are designed to house large
numbers of people
• Examples are places of public assembly (5000
or more people), schools (300 or more
students), colleges and adult education
centers (500 or more students), nursing homes,
daycare centers, nurseries and jails
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT
 OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES
o Standard Occupancy Structures
• All other structures that house occupancies or
have functions not listed under special
occupancy category.
• Examples are apartment buildings, hotels, office
buildings, wholesale or retail structures.

o Miscellaneous Structures
• Private garages, carports, sheds and fences over
1.5 m high

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SEISMIC IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I
• Increases
seismic design
forces for
critical
facilities
• Higher
importance
factor means
that these
facilities
remain
functional and
operational
after a severe
earthquake

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SOIL PROFILE TYPES
• The code specifies that each site be assigned a soil-
profile type found by a properly substantiated
geotechnical investigation,
• Soil Horizon
o Is a significant layer of soil with distinct
characteristics extending from the surface into
relatively unaltered material.
• The profiles are classified into six (6) different soil
types.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SOIL PROFILE TYPES

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SOIL PROFILE TYPES
• Soil Profile Type SF
o It is defined as soil requiring site – specific
evaluation as follows:
• Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse
under seismic loading, such as liquefiable soils,
quick and highly sensitive clays, and
collapsible weakly cemented soils.
• Peats and/or highly organic clays, where the
thickness of peat or highly organic clay
exceeds 3.0 meters.
• Very high plasticity clays with a plasticity index,
PI > 75, where the depth of clay exceeds 7.6
meters.
• Very thick soft/medium stiff clays, where the
depth of clay exceeds 36 meters
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT
 SOIL PROFILE TYPES
• Average shear wave velocity
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖
𝑣𝑠 =
𝑑
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑣𝑠𝑖
o 𝑑𝑖 - thickness of layer 𝑖, 𝑚
𝑚
o 𝑣𝑠𝑖 - shear wave velocity in layer 𝑖,
𝑠
• Average Field Standard Penetration Resistance,
𝑁,and Average Standard Penetration Resistance for
Cohesionless Soil Layers, 𝑁𝑐ℎ
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖
𝑁=
𝑑
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑁𝑖

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SOIL PROFILE TYPES
𝑑𝑠
𝑁𝑐ℎ =
𝑛 𝑑𝑖
σ𝑖=1
𝑁𝑖
o 𝑑𝑖 - thickness of layer 𝑖, 𝑚𝑚
o 𝑑𝑖 - total thickness of cohesionless soil layers in
the top 30 m
o 𝑁𝑖 - standard penetration resistance of soil
layer in accordance with approved nationally
recognized standards.
• Average Undrained Shear Strength, 𝑆𝑢
𝑑𝑐
𝑆𝑢 =
𝑑
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑆𝑢𝑖

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SOIL PROFILE TYPES
o 𝑑𝑐 - total thickness 100 − 𝑑𝑠 of cohesive soil
layers in the top 30 m
o 𝑆𝑢𝑖 - undrained shear strength in accordance
with approved nationally recognized standards,
not to exceed 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
• NOTE:
o When the soil properties are not known in
sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type,
Type 𝑆𝐷 shall be used. Soil profile type 𝑆𝐸 or 𝑆𝐹
need not be assumed unless tha building official
determines that type 𝑆𝐸 or 𝑆𝐹 may be present at
the site or in the event that type 𝑆𝐸 or 𝑆𝐹 is
established by geotechnical data.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SEISMIC SOURCE CLASSIFICATION

• The type describe the most active (A) to the least

active source type (C).
• Faults are classified by the maximum moment
magnitude potential (M) and slip rate (SR)
• It is based on approved geological data (see NSCP
2015 Figures 208-2A through 2E or the most recent
mapping of active faults by the PHIVOLCS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SEISMIC SOURCE CLASSIFICATION

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 NEAR SOURCE FACTORS, 𝑁𝑎 AND 𝑁𝑣

• The shortest distance to a seismic source is the

minimum distance between the site and the area
defined by the vertical projection of the source on
the surface (i.e., surface projection of fault plane)

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 NEAR SOURCE FACTORS, 𝑁𝑎 AND 𝑁𝑣

• The code adopted these two near source factors to

minimize the impact of ground acceleration to the
structures.
o 𝑁𝑎 - amplification factor (acceleration)
for short period structures
o 𝑁𝑣 - amplification factor (velocity) for
long period structures

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 NEAR SOURCE FACTORS, 𝑁𝑎 AND 𝑁𝑣

• In seismic Zone 4, the value of 𝑁𝑎 used to determine

𝐶𝑎 need not exceed 1.1 for structures complying
with all the following conditions:
o The soil profile type is 𝑆𝐴 , 𝑆𝐵 , 𝑆𝐶 or 𝑆𝐷
o 𝜌 = 1.0
o Except in single-storey structures, residential
building accommodating 10 or fewer persons,
private garages, carports, sheds and agricultural
buildings, moment frame systems designated as
part of the lateral-force-resisting system shall be
special moment resisting frames.
o None of the following structural irregularities is
present: Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 208-9 and Type 1
or 4 of Type 208-10.
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT
 NEAR SOURCE FACTORS, 𝑁𝑎 AND 𝑁𝑣

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENTS, 𝐶𝑎 & 𝐶𝑣
• Account for the increased severity of the ground
motion at a specific site and are influenced by the
seismic zone, proximity of the site to active seismic
sources and site soil profile characteristics.
o 𝐶𝑎 - acceleration-controlled coefficient for the
short period portion of the spectrum
o 𝐶𝑣 - velocity-controlled coefficient for the long
period portion of the spectrum

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENTS, 𝐶𝑎 & 𝐶𝑣

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR, 𝑅
• RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR, R
o Represents the inherent over strength and global
ductility capacity of structural component

• Ductility – defined as a measure of the ability

of a structural system to deform in the plastic
range prior to failure
o See Table 208-11A through 11D of NSCP 2015 for
R value at specific seismic-force resisting system.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 SEISMIC FORCE AMPLIFICATION FACTOR, Ω𝑂

• Also known as overstrength factor

• Accounts for overstrength of the structure in the
elastic range.

• Overstrength – defined as a characteristic of

structures where the actual strength is greater
than the design strength. The degree of
overstrength depends on material type and
structural system type.
• See Table 208-11A through 11D of NSCP 2015 for Ω𝑂
value at specific seismic-force resisting system.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• BEARING WALL SYSTEMS
o Is a structural system that relies on the same
elements to resist both gravity and lateral loads.
o Does not have complete vertical load-carrying
space frame
o Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support for
all or most gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or braced frames.
o Lacks redundancy and has an inadequate inelastic
response capacity

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• Typical bearing walls are: light-
framed walls with shear panels,
concrete or masonry shear
walls, light steel-frame bearing
walls with tension only braces
and braced frames where the
bracing carries gravity loads.

• Bearing Wall – designed and

constructed to resist vertical
loads
• Shear Wall – designed and
constructed to resist lateral
loads
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

• BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM

o It is a complete, self-contained, three
dimensional unit composed of interconnected
members.
o Use a complete space frame to carry the vertical
loads and a separate system of nonbearing
shear walls or braced frames to resist the lateral
(seismic) load
o Failure of the primary lateral support system does
not compromise the ability of the structure to
support the gravity loads

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
o Resist forces in members and joints primarily by
flexure and rely on a frame to carry both vertical
and lateral loads. Lateral loads are carried
primarily by flexure in the members and joints.
Joints are completely rigid.
o Can be constructed with the use of concrete,
masonry or steel

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
o Special Moment Resisting Frames
• Are especially detailed to ensure ductile
behaviour and comply with concrete and
steel requirement
o Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames
• Concrete frames with less stringent
requirements and cannot be used in zone 4
• Is a concrete frame designed in accordance
to steel requirements
o Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames
• Steel or concrete moment resisting frames that
do not meet the special detailing
requirements for ductile behaviour
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• DUAL SYSTEM
o Have essentially complete space frames that
provide support for all vertical loads and
combine two of the previously mentioned
systems to resist lateral loads
o SMRF, IMRF, MMRWF or steel OMRF acting in
conjunction with shear walls must be able to
resist at least 25% of the design base shear
independently.
o The two systems are designed to resist the total
design base shear in proportion to their relative
rigidities.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• CANTILEVERED COLUMN BUILDING SYTEM
o Have single cantilevered column elements
supporting beams or framing at the top. These
systems have a large portion of their mass
concentrated near or at the top and are fixed at
their bases.
o Design base shear is essentially applied at the
top of the vertical base member.
o Have essentially one degree of freedom in
horizontal translation

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• SHEAR WALL FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM
o Primarily use a combination of shear walls and
moment frames designed to resist lateral forces
in proportion to their relative rigidities, considering
interaction between shear walls and frames on
all levels.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• UNDEFINED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
o A structural system not listed in Table 208-11
• NON-BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
o Include all self-supporting structures other than
buildings that carry gravity loads and resist the
effects of earthquake.
o Shall be designed to provide the strength
required to resist the displacements induced by
the minimum lateral forces specified in the code.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR, ρ
• It is applied as an increase in horizontal seismic
forces associated with the base shear.
• Effectively reduces the response modification factor
based on the extent of structural redundancy
inherent in the design configuration of the structure
and its lateral force resisting system.

• Redundancy - It is an important characteristics

of a structure, providing multiple paths of
resistance (i.e, load paths)

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR, ρ
6.1
𝜌=2−
𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝐵
• where:
o 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 - maximum element storey shear ratio
o 𝑟𝑖 - element storey shear ratio
= ratio of the design storey shear in the most
heavily loaded single element divided by the total
design storey shear
- for braced frame, it is equal to the
maximum horizontal force component in a single brace
element divided by the total storey shear.
- for moment frames, it shall be taken as the
maximum of the sum of the shears in any two adjacent
columns in a moment frame bay divided by the storey
shear.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR, ρ
- for shear walls, it shall be taken as the
maximum value of the product of the wall shear
3
multiplied by and divided by the total storey
𝑙𝑤
shear, where 𝑙𝑤 is the length of the wall in meter.
- for dual system, it shall be taken as the
maximum value of 𝑟𝑖 considering all lateral load
resisting elements
- it shall not be taken less than 1.0 and
need not be greater than 1.5.
- for special moment resisting frames,
except when used in dual systems, it shall not
exceed 1.25.
- when calculating drift, or when the
structure is in Zone 2, it shall be taken equal to 1.0.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR, ρ
o 𝐴𝐵 - average floor area in the upper setback
portion of the building where a larger base area
exists at the ground.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR, ρ
o Example:
The plan view of a one storey office building in San Francisco is
shown. The building has a wood structural panel roof
diaphragm and shear walls. The building is 4.3 m tall. The shear
walls equally resist the seismic shear.
• What is the value of the response modification factor?
• What is the value of the seismic force amplification
factor?
• What is the value of the reliability / redundancy factor?

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT