General Mathematics

(MATH 01)
CHAPTER 1 MODULE

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

CHAPTER 1: Functions and their Graphs

 Introduction to Functions
 Graphs of Functions
 Getting Information from the Graph of the Function
 Average Rate of Change of a Function
 Linear Functions and Models
 Transformations of Functions
 Combining Functions
 One-to-One Functions and their Inverses

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

CHAPTER 1: Functions and their Graphs

 Introduction to Functions
 Graphs of Functions
 Getting Information from the Graph of the Function
 Average Rate of Change of a Function
 Linear Functions and Models
 Transformations of Functions
 Combining Functions
 One-to-One Functions and their Inverses

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Function vs. Relation

Suppose an archeologist finds bones of women in an excavation
site. The table below shows the correspondence between the
length of the women’s femur and their height.

Length of Height
Femur (cm.) (in.)
x y
45.5 65.5
48.2 68.0
41.8 62.2
46.0 66.0
50.4 70.0

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Length of Height
Femur (cm.) (in.) Ordered Pairs
x y (45.5, 65.5)
45.5 65.5
(48.2, 68.0)
48.2 68.0
(41.8, 62.2)
41.8 62.2
46.0 66.0
(46.0, 66.0)
50.4 70.0 (50.4, 70.0)
{(45.5, 65.5), (48.2, 68.0), (41.8, 62.2), (46.0,66.0), (50.4, 70.0)}

Definition 1.1
Any set of ordered pairs (x,y) is called a relation in x and y.
• The set of first components in the ordered pairs is called the
domain of the relation.
• The set of second components in the ordered pairs is called the
range of the relation.

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

 LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Length of Height
Femur (cm.) (in.)
x y
Domain: {45.5, 48.2, 41.8, 46.0, 50.4}
45.5 65.5
Range: {65.5, 68.0, 62.2, 66.0, 70.0}
48.2 68.0
41.8 62.2
46.0 66.0 Domain – set of first coordinates
50.4 70.0 Range – set of second coordinates

Practice:
1. Find the domain and range of the relation: {(1,3), (2,5), (6, 8), (4,9)}
2. Give the relation that with domain of the first four positive odd integers
and the range of first four positive integers divisible by 3.

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Definition of a Function
Definition 1.2
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a
set A exactly one element, called f(x), in a set B.

x f(x) y
Another way of saying it is that there is one and only one
output (y) with each input (x).

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

The Function Notation

𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 = 𝒇 𝒙 𝒙 𝝐 𝑨}

Domain of the
function

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

The Function Notation

y  f x 
Input
Output Name of
Function
MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs
LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

The Function Notation

y  f x 
Similarly,

Dependent Independent
Variable Variable

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Diagrams to represent a function f

Machine diagram

x y
input f output

Arrow diagram

1 5
2 6
3 7
4 8

Set A Set B

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Analyzing correspondence or arrow diagrams

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

Is “many-to-one relation” a function? YES.

Must use all the x’s
The x value can only be assigned to one y
MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs
LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Analyzing correspondence or arrow diagrams

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

Is “one-to many relation” a function? NO.

Must use all the x’s
The x value can only be assigned to one y
MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs
LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Analyzing a Function
A function f is defined by the formula
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 4
1. Express in words how f acts on the
input x to produce the output f(x).
2. Evaluate 𝑓(3) , 𝑓(−2) and 𝑓( 5).`
3. Draw a machine diagram of f.

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Evaluating a Function
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5
Evaluate the following:
 𝑓(−2)
 𝑓(0)
 𝑓(4)
1
 𝑓( )
2

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Evaluating a Function
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1
Evaluate the following:
 𝑓(𝑎)
 𝑓(−𝑎)
 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ)
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓(𝑎)

ℎ

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

A Piecewise Defined Function

A piecewise defined function is defined by different
formulas on different parts of its domain.

Illustrative Example:
A cellphone plan costs $39 a month. The plan includes
2 GB of free data and charges $15 per GB for any additional
data used. The monthly charges are a function of the number
of GB of data used given below. Find C(0.5), C(2) & C(4).
39, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
C 𝑥 =ቊ
39 + 15(𝑥 − 2), 𝑥 > 2

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Finding Net Change

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 . Find the net change in
the value of f between the given inputs:
(a) From 1 to 3
(b) From -2 to 2
(c) From 5 to 10
1 1
(d) From to
4 2

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

The Weight of an Astronaut

If an astronaut weighs 130 lb. on the surface of the
earth, then her weight when she is h miles above the earth is
given by the function
3960 2
𝑤 ℎ = 130( )
3960+ℎ
• What is her weight when she is 100 mi above the
earth?
• Construct a table of values for the function w that
gives her weight and height from 0 to 500 mi.
What do you conclude from the table?
• Find the net change in the astronaut’s weight
from ground level to a height of 500 mi.
MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs
LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Finding domains of functions

The domain of the function is the domain of the algebraic
expression – that is, the set of all real numbers for which the
expression is defined as a real number.
Find the domain of each function.
1
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 −𝑥
1
• ℎ 𝑡 =
𝑡+1

• 𝑔 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑥2

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Four ways to represent a function

• Verbally (by description in words)
“To find the Fahrenheit equivalent of
a Celsius temperature, multiply the Celsius
temperature by 9/5, then add 32”

• Algebraically (by an explicit formula)

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Four ways to represent a function

• Visually (by a graph)

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

Four ways to represent a function

• Numerically (by table of values)

w (ounces) C(w) (dollars)

0≤𝑤 ≤1 $0.98
1 <𝑤≤2 $1.19
2 <𝑤≤3 $1.40
3 <𝑤≤4 $1.61

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

WORD PROBLEMS
In a certain country ,income tax is assessed as follows:
There is no tax on income up to $15,000. income over
$15,000 and up to $30,000 is taxed at 12% . Income
over $30,000 is taxed at 18%
• write the piece wise function of the above
information and sketch its graph
• determine how much tax to be paid on an income
of $ 17,000.

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

WORD PROBLEMS
Your parents are giving you money based on the
number of points you score in the basketball
game.
• Up to 7 points : No Money
• More than 7 points up to 15 points: $ 10
• More than 15 points : $ 20
Write a piece wise function to show the money
based on points and sketch its graph
MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs
LESSON 1.1 Introduction to Functions

WORD PROBLEMS
When digging into the earth, the temperature rises
according to the following linear equation:
t (h) = 15 + 0.01 h.
t is the increase in temperature in degrees and h is
the depth in meters. Calculate:
• What the temperature will be at 100 m depth?
• Based on this equation, at what depth would there
be a temperature of 100 ºC?

MATH 01 – General Mathematics: Functions and their Graphs