ROCKS

Prepared by: Engr. Ray A. Bunquin

IN THIS DISCUSSION

• Three types of rocks:

• Igneous
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic
IGNEOUS ROCKS

• Formed from the cooling

of melted rock (magma)
• They can be classified as
volcanic or plutonic
igneous rocks.
• The same magma can
form both the rock types
IGNEOUS ROCKS

• Volcanic Rocks – forms

when magma rises to the
Earth’s surface through
pipes or fractures in the
crust.
• Produces volcanoes and
lava flows
• Comes from magma that
cools rapidly
IGNEOUS ROCKS

• Plutonic Rocks – forms

when magma cools below
the Earth’s surface
• Produces plutons that
remain hidden from view
until erosion or tectonic
uplift exposes them at the
surface
• Comes from magma that
cools slowly
CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

• Texture
• Color
CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

• Texture
• The size of the mineral
crystals that form depends
on how fast the magma
cools and solidifies
• Plutonic rocks have large,
visible crystals
• Volcanic rocks have
microscopic size crystals
CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

• Color
• Color depends on the rock’s
silica content
• Light-colored rocks have high
silica content
• Dark-colored rocks have low
silica content
CORRELATION OF ROCK AND MAGMA TYPES

• Three types of magma

• Basaltic magma – parts of
the asthenosphere that
melted
• Andesitic magma – parts of
the mantle that melted and
with water
• Rhyolitic magma – parts of
the continental crust that
melted
CORRELATION OF ROCK AND MAGMA TYPES

• Magmas that have low

viscosity and silica are likely
to reach surface to form
volcanic igneous rocks
• Magmas that have high
viscosity and silica are likely
to cool below surface to
form plutonic igneous rocks.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Form as horizontal layers

(beds)
• Identified based on color,
thickness, and resistance to
corrosion
• The bottom layer is the
oldest rock and the top
layers is the youngest
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Divided into three

fundamental types
• Clastic
• Chemical
• Biochemical
• Different types are formed
based on the materials
involved and the process by
which each types forms
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (CLASTIC)

• Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

• Formed from rock and
mineral fragments (clasts)
• Most common type of
sedimentary rock
• Has three formation
stages
• Generation
• Transportation
• Lithification
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (CLASTIC)

• Generation
• Breaking down of any rock,
physically and chemically,
at the Earth’s surface
(weathering) to form
sediment
• Sediment – are rock and
mineral fragments
• Sediment can be classified
by grain sizef
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (CLASTIC)

• Trasportation
• Erosion - sediments are
moved from its place of
origin by water stream,
winds, or glaciers.
• Process of erosion shapes
the landscape and
contributes to the
formation of many
distinctive landforms
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (CLASTIC)

• Transportation process
also serves to sort and
concentrate sediment by
weight (grain size)
• Clues about the
environment can be
observed in sedimentary
rocks
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (CLASTIC)

• Lithification
• Sediments are deposited
when the velocity of the
transporting medium drops
• Large particles are deposited
first, followed by smaller and
smaller particles as the
velocity steadily decreases
• Over time, the deposited
sediments are slowly
compacted and grains are
cemented together to form a
sedimentary rock
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (CLASTIC)

• Lithification
• The process of compaction
and cementation that
convert sediment into a
sedimentary rock
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (CHEMICAL)

• Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

• Forms when minerals
precipitate (crystallize out)
from a solution as a result of
changing physical conditions
• Most common solution is
seawater
• Most common changing
condition is the increase in
temperature
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (CHEMICAL)

• Chemical Sedimentary
Rocks
• Minerals dissolved in
seawater and that are
precipitated when water
evaporates are termed as
evaporites
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (BIOCHEMICAL)

• Biochemical Sedimentary
Rocks
• Results from the actions of
living organisms that cause
minerals to be extracted
from a solution or are
composed of the remains of
dead organisms
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (BIOCHEMICAL)

• Example of a mineral that

is extracted from solution
is Calcite.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (BIOCHEMICAL)

• Example of rocks that are

formed from the remains
of dead organisms are
Coquina and Coal seam.
• Coquina – limestone formed
from broken shell
fragments
• Coal – carbon-rich rock
formed from compacted
plant remains
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND FOSSIL FUELS

• Oil and natural gas are formed

from buried organic-rich
sediments
• Oils are formed when chemical
reactions covert organics with
increased pressures and
temperatures of 50-100 oC
• Natural gases are formed over
time when hydrocarbons become
more mature, changing from
heavy oils to lighter oils to
natural gas
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND COAL

• Coal is formed from

sediments containing
buried plants
• They can be ranked based
on its carbon content
• Low-grade peat (<25% C)
• Lignite (25-35% C)
• Subbituminous (35-45% C)
• Bituminous (45-86% C)
• Anthracite (>86% C)
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Metamorphic rocks are
rocks that undergo
metamorphism
• Metamorphism – relates to
changes in mineral
composition or texture
that occur in solid rocks as
a result of increasing
pressure or temperature
• Requires temperature high
enough to trigger the
chemical reactions
necessary to change
minerals but not so high
that the minerals will melt
• Approximately 200 oC ->
1100 oC, depending on the
minerals present in the
original rock
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

• Two types of
metamorphism
• Contact metamorphism
• Regional metamorphism
• Contact Metamorphism
• Occurs when rocks come in
contact with a heat source
(usually a magma body)
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

• Regional metamorphism
• Occurs when rocks undergo
increased temperatures and
pressures typically associated
with the plate tectonic processes
that form mountains
• Increase in pressures and
temperatures causes the
minerals to take on pressured
orientation, known as
foliation, perpendicular to the
direction of pressure
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

• Higher temperatures and

pressure yield more
intense metamorphism
• Grain size increases
• Rock names vary with grain
size
THE ROCK CYCLE

• The Rock Cycle links

igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rocks
together
• Any rock can become any
other rock under the
appropriate conditions