STRENGTH OF

MATERIALS
TERM PAPER

By
Daniel Robert. S
Mohammed Mubeen. A
 Strength Of Materials :

 Mechanics of materials, also

called strength of materials, is a
subject which deals with the behavior
of solid objects subject to stresses
and strains.
 The study of strength of materials often
refers to various methods of calculating
the stresses and strains in structural
members, such as beams, columns,
and shafts.
 Rigid Body:

 A rigid body is defined as a body on

which the distance between two points
never changes whatever be the force
applied on it.
 Practically, there is no rigid body.
Deformable body:

A deformable body is defined as a body

on which the distance between two
points changes under action of some
forces when applied on it.
Stress :

Stress is the applied force or system of

forces that tends to deform a body.
 Tensile stress:

 A force that attempts to pull apart or

stretch a material.
 Example :
 Ductile behavior:
  Ductility is a solid material's ability to
deform under tensile stress.

Copper wires
 Compressive stress:
 A force that attempts to squeeze or
compress a material.

 Here, the UTM is testing a concrete

block.
 Brittle behavior:

 A material is brittle if, when subjected

to stress, it breaks without insignificant
deformation.
 Glass is a good example.
 Young’s Modulus:

 Young's modulus, also known as

the tensile modulus or elastic modulus,
is a measure of the stiffness of
an elastic material.
 Named after a British Scientist
THOMAS YOUNG
 Its unit is “pa” or N/m2 
Thomas Young:
Shear Stress:

Skating
 Strength of A Material:

 Strength is the ability to resist

deformation.
 The strength of a component is usually
considered based on the maximum
load that can be borne before failure.
 Poisson’s Ratio:

 Poisson’s ratio, named after Simeon

Poisson, is the negative ratio of
transverse to axial strain.
  When a material is compressed in one
direction, it usually tends to expand in
the other two directions perpendicular
to the direction of compression.
 This phenomenon is called the Poisson
Effect.
Simeon Poisson:
Thermal Stress:

Baking
Thermal stress:

Thermal stress acting on the rails.

 Stiffness:
 Stiffness is the rigidity of an object the
extent to which it resists deformation in
response to an applied force

Golf bats have high stiffness

 Axial Load:

 Axial loading occurs when an object is

loaded so that the force is normal to
the axis that is fixed.
 Co-efficient of thermal
expansion:
 The degree of expansion divided by the
change in temperature is called the
material's co-efficient of thermal
expansion and generally varies with
temperature.
 Tensile strength:

 Tensile strength (TS) or ultimate

strength, is the maximum stress that a
material can withstand while being
stretched or pulled before failing or
breaking. Tensile strength is not the
same as compressive strength and the
values can be quite different.
 Bending:

 Bending (also known as flexure)

characterizes the behavior of a
slender structural element subjected to
an external load applied
perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of
the element.
 Stability of a structure:

 Structural stability can be defined as

the power to recover equilibrium.
 Compressive strength:

 Compressive strength is the capacity of

a material or structure to withstand
loads tending to reduce size.
Thin shell:

egg shell.
 Spherical Shell:

Spherical container carries Oil, Acid and

chemicals.
 Glue joint:

The wooden boards are joint using glue.

Propped Cantilever:

A traffic signal post

Overhanging beam:

World’s largest overhanging roof- Busan

Cinema Center (South Korea)
Hardened Materials:

High Speed Steel tools

Helical springs:

Helical springs used in suspension

 Strain

 Strain, represented by the Greek

letter ε, is a term used to measure the
deformation or extension of a body
that is subjected to a force or set of
forces.
 The strain of a body is generally
defined as the change in length divided
by the initial length.
  ε = ΔL/L 
Buckling of column:

Columns buckle due to over weight.

Cup & Cone Fracture:

Cup & cone fracture in tension testing

 Sagging:

Sagging In bridge occurs due to weight of

people.
 Hogging:

Hogging happens in pole vault stick due

to his Weight.
Heterogeneous material:

Gun bullets made with two different

materials.
Simply supported Beam:

The central horizontal beam is a simply

supported beam.
 Bi-Axial Load:

In safety Nets, Tension acts in both X & Y

directions.
 UDL:

Water’s weight is distributed uniformly all

over the dams.
Inclined plane:

Inclined planes used for transporting

objects
Homogeneous material:

Wood
Deformation due to self
weight:

The bar attains elastic deformation due

to self weight.
Short column:

Short column in car parking.

Cylindrical shells:

Body of an airplane.
Strain energy:

Pogo sticks uses the strain energy for

jumping.
Continuous beam:

Danyan Kunshan Grand Bridge

Change in volume:
Cantilever beam:

Cantilever house.
Fatigue load:

The thermal load applied on the rails

continuously.
Three point bending:
Simple bar:

Baseball bat.
UVL:

The loads in the strings of suspension

bridge varies uniformly.
Isotropic material:

Connecting rod – material property

doesn't depend on direction.
Bending moment:

A bending moment is the reaction

induced in a structural element when
an external force or moment is applied.
Fixed beam:

Stonehenge in England
Stepped bar:

Stepped Bolt
Tapered Bar:

Key used in Lathe

Uni-axial load:

Kite Surfing
Long Columns:

Columns in White House

Elastic Deformation:

Archery
Plastic deformation:

Destruction of buildings
Shear Load:

Ironing !
THANK YOU
 References:

 www.wikipedia.com
 www.britannica.com
 www.engineersedge.com