Earth

Materials
1. Minerals
2. Rocks
Minerals
naturally occurring inorganic
solids.
They have crystalline structures.(
ex. Salt)
other common rock-forming
minerals
are sulfur, quartz and
graphite.
sulfur
Quartz
Graphite
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
1. Color 7. Magnetism
2. Streak
8. Tenacity
3. Hardness
4. Cleavage 9. Luster
5. Crytalline 10. Odor
Structure
11. Specific
6. Transperancy
gravity
1. COLOR
property used to
identify minerals easily.
it is a result of the way
minerals absorb light.
color
Augite Biotite
color
Calcite Dolomite
color
Feldspar Hematite
color
Hornblende limonite
2. Streak
 Color of the mineral in powder form.
*minerals may be identified through steak
test.
 3. Hardness
-measure of the mineral’s
resistance to scratching.
-Mohs scale-to measure the
relative hardness of minerals.
*The harder the mineral, the
greater is its resistance to
scratching.
4. Cleavage and fracture
 Usedto describe how minerals break into
pieces.
5. Crystalline structure
 Tell’show mineral’s crystals are arranged.
 Crystal solid- said to form a regular
repeating three-dimensional crystal
lattice.
 Amorphous solid- forms aggregates that
have no particular order or arrangement.
6. Transparency or
Diaphaneity
 Indicates the extend of light that can pass
through the mineral.
 It depend on the thickness of the mineral.
7. magnetism
 Indicatesthe ability of a mineral to attract
or repel other minerals.
8. tenacity
Level of resistance or
reaction of minerals to
stress such as crushing,
bending, breaking, or
tearing.
9. Luster
Reaction of a
mineral to light. It
determines how
brilliant or dull
mineral is.
10. Odor
Distinct smell of a
mineral that is usually
released from chemical
reaction when
subjected to water,
heat, air, or friction.
11. Specific group
Measure of the
density of a mineral.IT
determines how the
mineral is by its
weight to water.
Chemical Properties of
Minerals
Firstused in 1848
by James Dana
(1813-1895), a
yale University
professor.
1. 8 basic classes:
Silicate class
2. Carbonate class
3. Sulphate class
4. Halide class
5. Oxide class
6. Sulphide class
7. Phosphate class
8. Native element class
 1. Silicate
Largestand most class
abundant
group containing silicon and
oxygen w/ some aluminium,
magnesium, iron, and calcium.
Ex. Feldspar, quarts, pyroxene,
mica, garnet, olivine, and
amphibole.
30% of minerals are silicate.
 Common silicate minerals
a. feldspar
 Common silicate minerals
b. pyroxene
 Common silicate minerals
c. olivine
 Common silicate minerals
d. quartz
Mostly found deposited in marine
2. Carbonate
environments. class
-formed from the shells of dead
plankton and other marine
organisms.
Found in areas where high rates of
evaporation takes place such as
the great salt lake in Utah.
Includes nitrate and borate
minerals.
Great salt lake in Utah
 Aragonate
Common carbonate minerals
Common carbonate minerals
Calcite
Common carbonate minerals
 Malachite
3.Sulphate class
Forms in area w/ high
evaporation rates and
where salt slowly
evaporate.
During this process,
the formation of
Sulphate minerals
 Anhydrite
Sulphate minerals
Gypsum
Sulphate minerals
 Blue barite
4. Halide class
Contains natural salts and
includes fluorite, halite, sylvite,
ammonia components.
Usually form in lakes, ponds, and
landlocked seas such as the
Dead Sea and the Great Salt
lake.
Great salt lake Dead
Sea
Some minerals of Halide class
Halite
Some minerals of Halide class
Sylvite
Some minerals of Halide class
Fluorite
5. Oxide Class
-is a diverse class.
Are minerals which oxygen is combined with
one or more metal.
Color of minerals in this class
range from black to very
colurful:
 Chrysoberyl
Color of minerals in this class
range from black to very
colurful:
Hematite
Color of minerals in this class
range from black to very
colurful:
 Spinel
6. Sulphide class
Has important metals such as
copper, lead, and silver which
are economically significant.
Found in electrical
wires,industrial materials, and
other things needed in
construction.
Sulfide minerals
Copper
Sulfide minerals
Silver
Sulfide minerals
Lead
7. Phosphate class
Contains minerals with
phosphorus.
An important biological
mineral found in the
teeth and bones of
many animals.
Phosphate minerals
 Arsenic
Phosphate minerals
Phosphate
Phosphate minerals
Vanadium
8. Native element
class
 Contains metals and intermetallic
elements(gold, silver,copper), semimetals,
nonmetals (antimony, bismuth, graphite,
sulphur) or natural alloys, and constituents
of a few rare meteorites.
Some metallic Element
 Gold
Some metallic Element
 Silver
Semimetals
 Bismuth
Semimetals
 Antimony
Nonmetals
 Graphite
Nonmetals
Sulfur
Rocks
-are natural substances consisting of
agregate minerals clumped together w/
other Earth materials through natural
processes.
 Types of Rocks

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Rocks Rocks Rocks
Igneous Rocks
(derived from the Latin word ignis meaning
“fire”)
-are crytallized from magma or molten or
partially molten volcanic materials that
came from within the Earth.
Magma rises from the asthenosphere or at
the base of
Question: Differentiate
magma and lava.
- from solidified magma
underneath the earth
- gradual lowering of the
temperature gradient at
depth towards the
surface would cause
slow
Question: Describe volcanic or extrusive
rocks and define the process of
formation, the texture and give
examples.
 from solidified lava at or near the surface of the
earth
 fast rate of cooling/crystallization due to huge
variance in the temperature between Earth’s
surface and underneath
 common textures: aphanitic, porphyritic and
vesicular
 examples: rhyolite, andesite, basalt
asthenosphere or at the base of the
crust through volcanic or any
cracks and fissures on Earth’s
surface. When it reaches the
surface of Earth, the molten
volcanic material is called lava.
Question: Describe plutonic or
intrusive rocks and define the
process of formation, the texture
and give examples.
(from the root word sediments which means
Sedimentary Rocks
“remaining particles”)
-are rocks that have formed from the deposition of
different materials on Earth’s surface.
-they come from preexisting rocks or pieces of dead
organisms that have been “lithified” or cemented
together by natural processes.
Are found in beaches, rivers and
oceans, where sand, mud, and
other types of sediments presents.
Metamorphic rocks
(meta means “change” and
morph means “form”)
-are rocks that derive from
igneous or sedimentary rocks
that were exposed to high
pressure, high temperature, or a
combination of both, deep
below the surface of earth.
Rock Cycle
-is a diagram that shows the
continuous succession of how
rocks from, break down, and
reform as a result of the
processes that induce the
formation of igneous,
sedimentary, and
metamorphic rocks.
Rock cycle
Geologic Processes on Earth
2 Categories Of Geologic
Processes:
1. Exogenous processes
(External)

2. Endogenous processes
(internal)
Exogenous Processes
-Occur on or near the surface of Earth.

-usually influence or driven by gravity ,

water , wind, and organisms.

-These could be destructive occurrences

that leave significant changes on the
landscape and ecosystem of an area.
Different types of Exogenous:
1. Weathering-disintegration of rocks, soil,
and minerals together w/ other materials
through contact w/ earth’s subsystems.
 happens w/out or transportation.
 Breaking down of soil and rocks happen
in situ or on the spot.
2 types of weathering:
 Physical Weathering-breakdown of rocks
by mechanical forces concentrated
along rock fractures.
 Chemical Weathering-process by w/c
rocks break down chemical reactions.
Physical Chemical
Different types of Exogenous:
2. Erosion -the process by which Earth’s
surface is a worn away by wind, water, or
ice.
-moves rock debris or soil from one place to
another.
Different types of Exogenous:
3. Mass wasting- the movement of large
masses of materials (e.g.. Rock debris, soil,
mud) down a slope or a step-sided hill or
mountain due to the pull of gravity.
a. Debris flow- happens when a
large amount of sediments,,
usually various sizes falls down the
slope.
b. Mudflow- happens when
combined soil and water flow
down a slope.
C. Slump- a slow movement of soil
along a curved surface.
Debris flow
mudflow
slump
4. Sedimentation
 Accumulation of materials such as soil,
rock, fragments, and soil particles settling
on the ground.
Endogenous Processes
 Take place within or in the interior of the
earth.
 Responsible for earthquakes,
development of continents, mountain
building, volcanic activities and other
movements related to Earth’s crust.
Some E.P. that played role in
the evolution of landforms:
1. Magmatism-magma is the original
material that make up igneous rocks.
-happens when magma is generated
and develops into igneous rocks.
can take place under the surface or on the
surface of Earth.
2. Volcanism (Plutonism)
 Happens after magma is formed.
 Magma comes out w/ extreme heat and
pressure and may cause destructive
explosions.
 Lava-magma reaches the surface of
Earth.
3. Metamorphism
 Process of changing the materials that
make up a rock.
 Due to heat and pressure that are
increasing or decreasing.
 May change even if the rock does not
melt.
Geologic stress
 The force that acts on the rocks creating
different behavior or characteristics.
4 types of stress that influence
rock behavior:
1. Compressional-rocks push or squeeze
against one another.
-when the rocks meet, the orientation
could either be horizontal or vertical
2. Tensional- rocks are pulled apart.
-this is what separated all the continents in
the world during the breaking away of the
supergiant continent known as Pangaea.
4 types of stress that influence
rock behavior:
3. Shear- some of the portions of a plate at the
edges may break away in different directions.
-The friction caused by this stress can
cause EARTHQUAKES.
4. Confining-the crust becomes compact,
making it look smaller.
-nothing me seem has changed in the
appearance of the crust but changes
occurred inside.
-Can cause sinkholes.
Common Geologic HAzard
 Earthquake
 Volcanic Eruption
 landslides
Earthquake
Volcanic Eruption
Safety Tips
 • As much as possible, stay away from active
volcanoes.
 • If you live near an active volcano, keep
goggles and a mask in an emergency kit,
along with a flashlight and a working, battery-
operated radio.
 A tectonic plate is dying under Oregon.
Here’s why that matters.
 • Know your evacuation route. Keep gas in
your car.
Continental Drift Theory
Explain how Earth has changed
through the movement of its
plates.
Continental Drift Theory