Internet connection &

regulating; understanding
website, surfing, and
internet
Internet
The internet is a globally connected
network system that uses TCP/IP to
transmit data via various types of media.
The internet is a network of global
exchanges – including private, public,
business, academic and government
networks – connected by guided, wireless
and fiber-optic technologies.
 History of Internet
In 1957, the Soviet
Union launched the first
satellite, Sputnik I,
triggering US President
Dwight Eisenhower to SPUTNIK I

create the ARPA agency to

regain the technological
lead in the arms race.
 ARPA appointed J.C.R. Licklider to head
the new IPTO organization with a mandate
to further the research of the SAGE program
and help protect the US against a space-
based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized
within the IPTO about the potential benefits
of a country-wide communications network,
influencing his successors to hire Lawrence
Roberts to implement his vision.
 Roberts led development of the
network, based on the new idea of packet
switching invented by Paul Baran at RAND,
and a few years later by Donald Davies at
the UK National Physical Laboratory. A
special computer called an Interface
Message Processor was developed to realize
the design, and the ARPANETwent live in
early October, 1969.
 The first communications
were between Leonard
Kleinrock's research center at
the University of California at
Los Angeles, and Douglas
Engelbart's center at the
Stanford Research Institute.
 The first networking protocol used
on the ARPANET was the Network Control
Program. In 1983, it was replaced with
the TCP/IP protocol invented Wby Robert
Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which
quickly became the most widely used
network protocol in the world.
 In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and
transferred to the NSFNET. The NSFNET
was soon connected to the CSNET, which
linked Universities around North America,
and then to the EUnet, which connected
research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part
to the NSF's enlightened management, and
fueled by the popularity of the web, the
use of the Internet exploded after 1990.
Internet and World Wide Web
The terms internet and World Wide
Web are often used interchangeably, but
they are not exactly the same thing; the
internet refers to the global
communication system, including
hardware and infrastructure, while the
web is one of the services communicated
over the internet.
Internet Connection/ Internet Access
Internet access is the process of
connecting to the internet using personal
computers, laptops or mobile devices by users
or enterprises. Internet access is subject to data
signaling rates and users could be connected at
different internet speeds. Internet access
enables individuals or organizations to avail
internet services/web-based services.
 Internet access is often provided at
home, schools, workplaces, public places,
internet cafes, libraries and other
locations. The internet began to gain
popularity with dial-up internet access. In
a relatively short time, internet access
technologies changed, providing faster and
more reliable options.
 Currently, broadband technologies
such as cable internet and ADSL are the
most widely used methods for internet
access. The speed, cost, reliability and
availability of internet access depends on
the region, internet service provider and
type of connection.
Types of Internet Connections
• Internet connection
Wireless • DSL
&
•
• regulating; understanding
Mobile
Hotspots
• Cable
• Satellite
•
• website, surfing, and
Dial-up
Broadband
• ISDN

internet
Wireless

Wireless, or Wi-Fi, as the name

suggests, does not use telephone lines
or cables to connect to the internet.
 Radio frequency bands are used in place
of telephone or cable networks. One of the
greatest advantages of wireless Internet
connections is the "always-on" connection
that can be accessed from any location that
falls within network coverage. Wireless
connections are made possible through the
use of a modem, which picks up Internet
signals and sends them to other devices.
Mobile

Cellular technology provides

wireless Internet access through cell
phones.
 The speeds vary depending on the
provider, but the most common are 3G and
4G speeds. A 3G is a term that describes a
3rd generation cellular network obtaining
mobile speeds of around 2.0 Mbps. 4G is
the fourth generation of cellular wireless
standards. The goal of 4G is to achieve peak
mobile speeds of 100 Mbps but the reality is
about 21 Mbps currently.
 Hotspots

Hotspots are sites that offer Internet

access over a wireless local area network
(WLAN) by way of a router that then connects
to an Internet service provider.
 Hotspots utilize Wi-Fi technology,
which allows electronic devices to
connect to the Internet or exchange data
wirelessly through radio waves. Hotspots
can be phone-based or free-standing,
commercial or free to the public.
Dial-Up
Dial-up access is
cheap but slow. A
modem (internal or
external) connects to
the Internet after the
computer dials a phone
number.
 This analog signal is converted to digital via
the modem and sent over a land-line serviced
by a public telephone network. Telephone lines
are variable in quality and the connection can
be poor at times. The lines regularly experience
interference and this affects the speed,
anywhere from 28K to 56K. Since a computer
or other device shares the same line as the
telephone, they can’t be active at the same
time.
Broadband

This high-speed Internet connection is

provided through either cable or
telephone companies.
 One of the fastest options
available, broadband Internet uses multiple
data channels to send large quantities of
information. The term broadband is shorthand
for broad bandwidth. Broadband Internet
connections such as DSL and cable are
considered high-bandwidth connections.
Although many DSL connections can be
considered broadband, not all broadband
connections are DSL.
 DSL

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber

Line. It is an internet connection that is
always “on”.
 This uses 2 lines so your phone is
not tied up when your computer is
connected.
There is also no need to dial a
phone number to connect. DSL uses a
router to transport data and the range
of connection speed, depending on the
service offered, is between 128K to 8
Mbps.
Cable

Cable provides an internet

connection through a cable modem and
operates over cable TV lines.
 There are different speeds
depending on if you are uploading data
transmissions or downloading. Since the
coax cable provides a much greater
bandwidth over dial-up or DSL telephone
lines, you can get faster access. Cable
speeds range from 512K to 20 Mbps.
 Satellite

Satellite accesses the internet via a

satellite in Earth’s orbit.
 The enormous distance that a signal
travels from earth to satellite and back
again, provides a delayed connection
compared to cable and DSL. Satellite
connection speeds are around 512K to
2.0 Mbps.
 ISDN

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital

Network) allows users to send data, voice and
video content over digital telephone lines or
standard telephone wires.
 The installation of an ISDN adapter is
required at both ends of the transmission—
on the part of the user as well as the
Internet access provider.
There are quite a few other Internet
connection options available, including T-1
lines, T-3 lines, OC (Optical Carrier) and
other DSL technologies.
 Regulating Internet
Internet regulation consists of mainly
two categories: Censorship of data, and
controlling aspects of the Internet. Most
of the Internet regulation is imposed by
the Government in an effort to protect
the best interest of the general public and
is concerned with some form of
censorship.
Pros of Regulating Internet
✷ Terrorists use the Internet as their major
point-of-contact medium where it is
manipulated and controlled to do their bidding.
With regulations on the Internet, there would be
a way to control and thus minimize the threat
that the Internet causes because of terrorist
activity. Regulating the Internet would mean
putting a stop to content and activities linked to
social unrest, and racial hatred among men and
women.
✷ Child pornography is an industry that is booming
in the porn genre, simply because we live in a world
where mentally sick men and women that have an
absent conscience when it comes to young kids,
exist among us. The Internet has material all over
the place, where the authorities have been able to
trace / ban these websites from public viewing. But
the problem is that it can still be viewed through
streaming porn websites where these are viewable
for free without any kind of membership with a fee.
✷ The abuse of women and young children
when it comes to human trafficking is a shocking
dilemma that we have to face in the world today,
and the Internet doesn't protect them from such
acts of violation and abuse. Regulating the
Internet would keep a check on such activity,
narrowing it down quite immensely with stiffer
laws.
✷ Fraud and defamatory activities spread like
wildfire throughout the Internet, where
businesses and individuals would be protected
against such viciousness if regulating policies
were passed.
✷ Piracy which poses as a threat to those who
see free material as a way of harming their
chances of being supported financially, is at an
all-time high in our day and age. Banning or
restricting such websites would steer consumers
towards actually buying services and products,
as opposed to getting these for free.
✷ Email spamming would be put to a stop,
where damaging content like malware is
frequently sent to others inbox. It would also
curb away fraudulent acts where people try and
access your personal information like bank
account numbers and so forth, to gain your
information illegally and use it against you. Even
lottery money is supposedly won by you, but is
accessible only after a certain fee is paid by you
before the transaction of the said amount can be
made.
✷ Plagiarizing copyright material would
be put to a stop since many companies
that run their work over the Internet
have illegal portals copying their
content, without giving due credit to
the writer / expert / website they
obtained the information from.
Cons of Regulating Internet
✷ Regulating the Internet would automatically
mean restricting the flow of information, as well
as its exchange. It would suppress people from
being communicative and expressive, changing
the way information is dealt with over the
Internet.
✷ Information would be withheld from the public
and not freely available as it is currently. The
information we access is invaluable, and for a
policy or act to come in and snatch that away,
could be the end of the Internet as we know it.

✷ Those who indulge in acts of abuse and illicit

activity would only be forced to cover up their
tracks better or go into hiding, if policies / acts
came up to regulate Internet content.
✷ Information when not accessible in one
country is easily attainable through proxy
servers that fools the system into believing
that you are in another country through a
fake IP address, thus allowing you to access
information through its software.
 Website
A website is a collection of related web pages,
including multimedia content, typically identified
with a common domain name, and published on at
least one web server. Notable examples
are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com.
A website may be accessible via a public Internet
Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, or a
private local area network (LAN), by referencing
a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the
site.
 Websites can have many functions and can be
used in various fashions; a website can be
a personal website, a corporate website for a
company, a government website, an organization
website, etc. They are typically dedicated to a
particular topic or purpose, ranging from
entertainment and social networking to providing
news and education.
Types of Website
• Portal • Educational
• News • Entertainment
• Informational • Web
• Business/ Marketing Application
• Blog • Content
• Wiki Aggregator
• Social Media • Personal
Portal

Website that serves as a gateway or a

main entry point ('cyber door') on the internet
to a specific field-of-interest or an industry.
 A portal provides at least four essential
services: search engine(s), email, links to other
as chat, members list, free downloads, etc.
Portals such as AOL, MSN, Netcenter, and
Yahoo, earn their revenue from membership
fees and/or by selling advertising space on
their webpages. Also called portal site or web
portal.
 News

A continuous transmission of data, consisting of

news updates, to web sites through a syndicated
news service provider. Subscribers receive the
news feed, as summaries or links that refer the
user back to the original news source.
 Informational

An Informational Web Page is one whose

purpose is to present factual information. The
URL Address frequently ends in .edu or .gov, as
many of these pages are sponsored by
educational institutions or government agencies.
 Business or Marketing

A Business/Marketing Web Page is sponsored

by a commercial enterprise (usually a page
promoting or selling products). The URL address of
the page frequently ends in .com (commercial).
 Blog

A regularly updated website, typically one

run by an individual or small group, that is
written in an informal or conversational style.
Wiki

A website that allows collaborative

editing of its content and structure by its
users.
 Social Media

Family, and friends and their families, that

together create an interconnected system through
which alliances are formed, help is obtained,
information is transmitted, and strings are pulled.
Educational

Education requires instruction of some sort

from an individual or composed literature. The
most common forms of education result from
years of schooling that incorporates studies of a
variety of subject.
Entertainment

A website that is mainly provide games or

other entertainment purposes.
 Advocacy

An Advocacy Web Page is one sponsored by an

organization attempting to influence public
opinion (that is, one trying to sell ideas). The URL
address of the page frequently ends in
.org(organization).
 Web Application

A web app is any computer program that runs in a

web browser. It is created in a browser-supported
programming language (such as the combination of
JavaScript, HTML and CSS) and relies on a web
browser to render the application.
 Content Aggregator

A content aggregator is an individual or

organization that gathers Web content (and/or
sometimes applications) from different online
sources for reuse or resale.
 Personal

A Personal Web Page is one published by an

individual who may or may not be affiliated with a
larger institution. Although the URL address of the
page may have a variety of endings (e.g. .com, .edu,
etc.), a tilde (~) is frequently embedded somewhere
in the URL.
Surfing
Alternatively referred to as web
surfing, surfing describes the act of browsing
the Internet by going from one web page to
another web page using hyperlinks in an
Internet browser. The term "surfing" was first
coined by Mark McCahill.