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Population Ecology: For Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition
Population Ecology: For Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition
Population Ecology: For Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition
Chapter 53
Population Ecology
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
APPLICATION
Hector’s dolphins
• Density is the result of an interplay between
processes that add individuals to a population and
those that remove individuals
• Immigration is the influx of new individuals from
other areas
• Emigration is the movement of individuals out of
a population
Births Deaths
Immigration Emigration
Patterns of Dispersion
• Environmental and social factors influence the
spacing of individuals in a population
• In a clumped dispersion, individuals aggregate in
patches
• A clumped dispersion may be influenced by
resource availability and behavior
(b) Uniform
(c) Random
Figure 53.4a
(a) Clumped
• A uniform dispersion is one in which individuals
are evenly distributed
• It may be influenced by social interactions such as
territoriality, the defense of a bounded space
against other individuals
(b) Uniform
• In a random dispersion, the position of each
individual is independent of other individuals
• It occurs in the absence of strong attractions or
repulsions
(c) Random
Demographics
• Demography is the study of the vital statistics of a
population and how they change over time
• Death rates and birth rates are of particular
interest to demographers
100
Females
10
Males
1
0 2 4 6 8 10
Age (years)
• Survivorship curves can be classified into three
general types
– Type I: low death rates during early and middle
life and an increase in death rates among older
age groups
– Type II: a constant death rate over the organism’s
life span
– Type III: high death rates for the young and a
lower death rate for survivors
• Many species are intermediate to these curves
100
II
10
III
1
0 50 100
Percentage of maximum life span
Reproductive Rates
• For species with sexual reproduction,
demographers often concentrate on females in a
population
• A reproductive table, or fertility schedule, is an
age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in
a population
• It describes the reproductive patterns of a
population
N
t bN – mN
dN
dt rmaxN
2,000
dN
= 1.0N
dt
Population size (N)
1,500
dN
= 0.5N
dt
1,000
500
0 5 10 15
Number of generations
• The J-shaped curve of exponential growth
characterizes some rebounding populations
– For example, the elephant population in Kruger
National Park, South Africa, grew exponentially
after hunting was banned
8,000
Elephant population
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Year
Figure 53.8a
Concept 53.3: The logistic model describes
how a population grows more slowly as it
nears its carrying capacity
• Exponential growth cannot be sustained for long in
any population
• A more realistic population model limits growth by
incorporating carrying capacity
• Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population
size the environment can support
• Carrying capacity varies with the abundance of
limiting resources
Exponential
growth
2,000 dN
= 1.0N
dt
Population size (N)
1,500
K = 1,500 Logistic growth
1,500 – N
dN
dt
= 1.0N( 1,500
)
1,000
0
0 5 10 15
Number of generations
The Logistic Model and Real Populations
• The growth of laboratory populations of paramecia
fits an S-shaped curve
• These organisms are grown in a constant
environment lacking predators and competitors
Number of Paramecium/mL
Number of Daphnia/50 mL
1,000 180
800 150
120
600
90
400
60
200 30
0 0
0 5 10 15 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time (days) Time (days)
Number of Paramecium/mL
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15
Time (days)
Number of Daphnia/50 mL
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time (days)
RESULTS
100
Parents surviving the following Male
Female
80
winter (%)
60
40
20
0
Reduced Normal Enlarged
brood size brood size brood size
Figure 53.13a
• Some plants produce a large number of small
seeds, ensuring that at least some of them will
grow and eventually reproduce
(a) Dandelion
(a) Dandelion
• Other types of plants produce a moderate number
of large seeds that provide a large store of energy
that will help seedlings become established
Density-independent
death rate (m)
Density-dependent
birth rate (b)
Population density
Mechanisms of Density-Dependent
Population Regulation
• Density-dependent birth and death rates are an
example of negative feedback that regulates
population growth
• Density-dependent birth and death rates are
affected by many factors, such as competition for
resources, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic
wastes, and intrinsic factors
80
60
40
20
0
200 300 400 500 600
Population size
Competition for Resources
• In crowded populations, increasing population
density intensifies competition for resources and
results in a lower birth rate
5 m
Predation
• As a prey population builds up, predators may
feed preferentially on that species
50 2,500
Wolves Moose
Number of wolves
Number of moose
40 2,000
30 1,500
20 1,000
10 500
0 0
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
Population Cycles: Scientific Inquiry
• Some populations undergo regular boom-and-bust
cycles
• Lynx populations follow the 10-year boom-and-
bust cycle of hare populations
• Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain
the hare’s 10-year interval
Snowshoe hare
160
Number of hares
Number of lynx
(thousands)
(thousands)
120
9
Lynx
80 6
40 3
0 0
1850 1875 1900 1925
Year
Figure 53.19a
• Hypothesis: The hare’s population cycle follows a
cycle of winter food supply
• If this hypothesis is correct, then the cycles should
stop if the food supply is increased
• Additional food was provided experimentally to a
hare population, and the whole population
increased in size but continued to cycle
• These data do not support the first hypothesis
EXPERIMENT
Dictyostelium Topsoil
amoebas Bacteria
200 m
Dictyostelium discoideum slug
Figure 53.20a
200 m
Dictyostelium discoideum slug
• Metapopulations are groups of populations linked
by immigration and emigration
• High levels of immigration combined with higher
survival can result in greater stability in
populations
˚
Aland
Islands
EUROPE
Occupied patch
5 km Unoccupied patch
Figure 53.21a
Concept 53.6: The human population is no
longer growing exponentially but is still
increasing rapidly
• No population can grow indefinitely, and humans
are no exception
2
The Plague
1
0
8000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000
BCE BCE BCE BCE BCE CE CE
• The global population is more than 6.8 billion
people
• Though the global population is still growing, the
rate of growth began to slow during the 1960s
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.4
2009
1.2
Projected
1.0 data
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050
Year
Regional Patterns of Population Change
• To maintain population stability, a regional human
population can exist in one of two configurations
– Zero population growth =
High birth rate – High death rate
– Zero population growth =
Low birth rate – Low death rate
• The demographic transition is the move from the
first state to the second state
Rapid growth
Afghanistan
Male Female Age
85+
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Percent of population
Figure 53.24b
Slow growth
United States
Male Female Age
85+
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent of population
Figure 53.24c
No growth
Italy
Age Male Female
85+
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent of population
• Age structure diagrams can predict a population’s
growth trends
• They can illuminate social conditions and help us
plan for the future
80
Infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 births)
60
50
30 40
20
20
10
0 0
Indus- Less indus- Indus- Less indus-
trialized trialized trialized trialized
countries countries countries countries
Global Carrying Capacity
• How many humans can the biosphere support?
• Population ecologists predict a global population
of 7.8–10.8 billion people in 2050
Gigajoules
> 300
150–300
50–150
10–50
< 10
• Our carrying capacity could potentially be limited
by food, space, nonrenewable resources, or
buildup of wastes
• Unlike other organisms, we can regulate our
population growth through social changes
Patterns of dispersion
Number of generations
Figure 53.UN03
dN K–N
dt
(
= rmax N
K )
Number of generations
Figure 53.UN04
Figure 53.UN05
Figure 53.UN06