PRESENTED BY

DR. SUJIT KUMAR

MD 1ST YEAR
GUIDED BY
DR. VAIDEHI RAOLE
HOD
DEPARTMENT OF KRIYA
SHARIR
PARUL INSTITUTE OF AYURVED
 CONTENTS
1. NAAM AND NIRUKTI
2. PARYAYA
3. STHANA
4. COMPOSITION OF OJAS
5. TYPES OF OJAS
6. PARINAMAN OF OJAS
7. QUALITY OF OJAS
8. PRAMAN OF OJAS
9. OJAKSHAYA KARANA
10. OJAKSHAYA LAKSHANA
11. OJAVRIDDHI LAKSHANA
12. VYADHIKSHAMATVA
13. RASAYANA
 NAAM AND NIRUKTI
AÉåeÉxiÉÑ iÉåeÉÉå kÉÉiÉÑlÉÉÇ
zÉÑ¢üÉliÉÉlÉÉÇ mÉUÇ xqÉ×iÉqÉç|
A.WØû.xÉÔ.11.37

zÉÑ¢üxrÉ xÉÉUqÉç AÉåeÉÈ | A.xÉ.zÉÉ.7/6

1. Ojas is the essence part of all the
dhatu and is also mentioned as Bala.
2. Considered as updhatu & shleshmika
dravya .
3. It is predominant of JALA and
 PARYAYA
1. Sarva dhatu sara (Essence of all dhatu )
2. Sthirata ( Stability )
3. Sara (Essence )
4. Prasad ( Qualitative substance )
5. Jivashonitum ( Essence of life )
6. Sleshma (Covering)
7. Deepti (Hunger )
8. Kanti (Lusterness)
 CHARAK MAHAT , DHARI, SARVA DHATU
SUTRASTHAN SNEHA

CHARAK UTAKRASHAT SARA,

SUTRASTHAN GHRITAVAN STHIRDHATU,
BALA

CHARAK RASA, PRAKRUTA SLESHMA

SUSHRUTA PARAM TEJA

ASHTANGA SHUKRA SARA
SANGRAHA
DALHANA BHARADI HARANA SHAKTI,
JIVASHODITAM
 STHANA
mÉëÉhÉÉ´ÉrÉxrÉ AÉåeÉxÉÉåŹÉæ ÌoÉlSuÉÉå
WØûSrÉÉÍ´ÉiÉÉÈ CÌiÉ |
AkÉÉïgeÉÍsÉ mÉËUÍqÉiÉxrÉ AÉåeÉxÉÉå kÉqÉlrÉ
LuÉ WØûSrÉÉÍ´ÉiÉÉÈ xjÉÉlÉqÉç .
1. Ojas is finest product of all the seven
(cÉ.xÉÔ.30:11 )
dhatus
2. Also the transformation of dhatwagni
paka.
3. It is formed and transported through all
the Dhatuvaha srotas ( sira and dhamanis
including hridaya)
4. Where it permeates the entire body in
limbs and organs.
 COMPOSITION OF OJAS
ACCORDING TO CHARAK
1. Colour – white or yellowish red or
colour of ghee.
2. Taste – sweet like honey
3. Smell – like fried paddy (Laja)
4. Other qualities – snigdha, guru,
picchila, mridu, sthira, shita,
sukshma(microscopic )
 ACCORDING TO SUSHRUTA
AÉåeÉÈ xÉÉåqÉÉiqÉMÇü ÎxlÉakÉ
zÉÑYsÉÇ zÉÏiÉÇ ÎxjÉUÇ xÉUqÉç
ÌuÉÌuÉ£Çü qÉ×SÒ qÉÚixlÉÇ cÉ
mÉëÉhÉÉrÉiÉlÉqÉç E¨ÉqÉqÉç .
1.Soumya (watery in nature),
( xÉÑ.xÉÔ.15/21 )
unctuousness, pure white in colour,
cold, stable, pervading, vivikta
(pure and clear), soft, mritsna
(delicate) and best supporter of life .
 TYPES OF OJAS

1. PARA OJAS

2. APARA OJAS
 PARA OJAS
Ojas marks the beginning of formation of embryo.
 ACCORDING TO CHAKRAPANI -
1. Para & Apara ojas are located in hridya.
2. It is ojas where the soul is lodged after the
union of the sukra and sonita .
3. The essence of the resultant sara i.e.
KALALA formed by the union of shukra
and shonita.
4. Entrance of ojas into the heart of the
embryo manifest the cardiac activities.
 APARA OJAS
 ACCORDING TO VAGBHATA
1. Main function is Dehasthitinibandhanam,
 ACCORDING TO CHANDRANANDANA
1. It is protection of the body in all states.
2. Both words bala and ojas have been
used synonymously for Kapha.
3. They indicate the potential source of
strength.
 ACCORDING TO CHARAK
1. The degenration and decay are the
natural characteristics of the human
body .
2. Even without any apparent causes of
Swabhavoparama.
3. Bala as the factor that controls the
doshas
4. And never allows them to produce
disease in the body.
 PARINAMAN OF OJAS
mÉëjÉqÉå eÉÉrÉiÉå ÌWû AÉåeÉÈ
zÉUÏUåÅÎxqÉlÉç zÉUÏËUhÉÉqÉç |
(cÉ.xÉÔ. 17/75)
pÉëqÉUæÈ TüsÉmÉÑwmÉåprÉÉå rÉjÉÉ
xÉÇÍpÉërÉiÉå qÉkÉÑÈ |
iɲSÉåeÉÈ zÉUÏUåprÉÉå aÉÑhÉæÈ
1. In the intrauterine life, Just like all
xÉÇÍpÉërÉiÉå lÉ×hÉÉqÉç (C.SU.17.74)
dhatu.
2. Ojas is also the product of dhatwagni
paka .
3. Nourished by the food or by the
nutrients derived from food .
 ACCORDING TO CHARAK
1. Honey bees collect honey from
different varieties of flower &
Fruits and deposit at one place i.e.
WAX .
2. That the ojas is also collected from
all tissues of the body and
deposited in one place i.e. Hridaya.
 Three Main stages
1. At the time of conception, essence
of the shukra and shonita.
2. In second stage, the essence of the
rasasara which provides nutrition
to the embryo.
3. In the third stage, when there is
formation of various organs, ojas
manifests its own actions.
 QUALITIES OF OJAS
ACCORDING TO CHARAK
aÉÑÂzÉÏiÉÇ qÉ×SÒ zsɤhÉÇ oÉWûsÉÇ
qÉkÉÑUÇ ÎxjÉUÇ |
mÉëxɳÉÇ ÌmÉÎcNûsÉÇ ÎxlÉakÉqÉç
AÉåeÉÉå SzÉaÉÑhÉÇ xqÉÚiÉqÉç |
 Ojas has ten qualities - heavy ,
(cÉ.ÍcÉ.24/31)
cold, softness, smoothness,
density, sweety, stable,
clearness, sliminess, and
unctuousness.
Ê×ÉMvÉÆ ¶ÉÖKÆú ¶ÉÒiÉÆ
κlÉ®Æ ºÉ®¨É **
Ê´ÉÊ´ÉHÆú ¨ÉÞnÖü
¨ÉÞi×ÉÆ SÉ
 Watery in nature ,
|ÉÉhÉɪÉiÉxɨÉÖkɨɨÉÂ
unctuousness
**(S.SU.15.21) ,cold, stable,
pervading, Pure and Clear ,
Softness, Delicate, Best
support of life
 PRAMAN OF OJAS
mÉëÉhÉÉ´ÉrÉxrÉ AÉåeÉxÉÉåŹÉæ
ÌoÉlSuÉÉå WØûSrÉÉÍ´ÉiÉÉÈ CÌiÉ|
1. Apara ojas or (cÉ.xÉÔ.30:11)
Shleshmika ojas,
Present all over body .
2. Quantity – ½ Anjali.
3. Para ojas , present in hridaya and
considered as best supporter of life.
4. CHARAK - Quantity 8 drops
5. VAGBHATA - Quantity 6 drops
 OJAKSHAYA KARANA
AÍpÉbÉÉiÉÉiÉç¤ÉrÉÉiÉç MüÉåmÉÉiÉç
zÉÉåMüÉiÉç krÉÉlÉÉiÉ´ÉqÉÉiÉç¤ÉÑkÉ:|
AÉåeÉÈ xÉÇͤÉrÉiÉå ÌWû LãprÉÉå
1. kÉÉiÉÑaÉëWûhÉÌlÉÈxÉ×iÉqÉç
Abhighata (Trauma) xÉÑ.xÉÔ.15:23

2. Kshaya (Dhatukshaya due to disease)

3. Kopa (Anger)
4. Shoka (Grief)
5. Dhanya (Excessive thought and
anxiety)
6. Shrama (Fatigue)
7. Kshudha (Hunger)
 OJAKSHAYA LAKSHANA
ÌoÉpÉåÌiÉ SÒoÉïsÉÉåÅpÉϤhÉÇ krÉÉrÉÌiÉ
urÉÍjÉiÉåÎlSìrÉÈ |
SÑzNûÉrÉÉå SÒqÉïlÉɤÉÈ ¤ÉÉqÉÈ cÉ
LuÉ AÉåeÉxÉÈ ¤ÉrÉå || .
 Excessive diminution of ojas in the body
(cÉ.xÉÔ.17:7)
gives rise to some signs and symptoms like
Bibheti (fearfullness)
1. Durbala – weakness and fatigue
2. Abhikshna dhyayati – worries too much
3. Vyathitendriya – affliction of indriyas with
pain and feeling of discomfort in the sense
organs.
 CONTI.....
1.Dushcchaya- loss of complexion
2.Duramana – Imbalanced Mind
3.Ruksha – Dryness/ Roughness
of the body
4.Kshama – Emaciated/ thinness
 ACCORDING TO SUSHRUTA
 Loss of ojas is of three varieties
1. Ojo visramasa – impairment of the
distribution of ojas to the dhatu or
tissues.
2. Ojo vyapat – change in or
modification of the natural properties
of ojas.
3. Ojo kshaya – loss and wasting of ojas
due to grief, anxiety wasting of dhatu
etc.
 OJO VISRAMSA LAKSHANA
xÉÎlkÉÌuÉzsÉåwÉÉå aÉɧÉÉhÉÉÇ xÉSlÉÇ
SÉåwÉcrÉuÉlÉÇ Ì¢ürÉÉxÉͳÉUÉåkÉ: cÉ
ÌuÉx§ÉÇxÉå | (xÉÑ.xÉÔ.ç 15.24)
1. Sandhivislesha/ Sandhi Shlathana
(Looseness of the joint)
1. Gatrasada (Inertness of the body)
2. Doshachavana (Displacement of doshas
from their respective locations and
impairment in function)
3. Kriya – Sannnirodha (impairment of
activities of the body , include speech and
mind)
 OJO VYAPAT LAKSHANA
xiÉokÉaÉÑÂaÉɧÉiÉÉ uÉÉiÉzÉÉåTüÉå
uÉhÉïpÉåSÉå asÉÉÌlÉ: iÉlSìÉ ÌlÉSìÉ cÉ
urÉÉmɳÉå | (xÉÑ.xÉÔ.ç 15.24)
1. Stabdhagatrata ( Inertness of Body)
2. Gurugatrata (Heaviness of the body)
3. Vatashopha (General anasarca due to
vitiated vata )
4. Varnabheda (Change of complexion,
Pale colour)
 CONTI......
5. Glani (Fatigue of the Senses)
6. Tandra (Drowsiness)
7. Nidra (Somnolence )
 OJO KSHAYA LAKSHANA
qÉÔcNûÉï qÉÉÇxɤÉrÉå qÉÉåWû:
mÉësÉÉmÉÉå qÉUhÉqÉç CÌiÉ cÉ ¤ÉrÉå |
( xÉÑ.xÉÔ.ç
15.24 )
1.Murccha (loss of consciousness)
2.Mamsakshaya (Wasting of
Muscles)
3.Pralapa (Delirium)
4.Marana (death)
 OJO VRIDDHI LAKSHANA
1. Increased state of ojas indicates
the increase of
Vyadhikshyamatwa Shakti .
2. That is Such person can resist any
disease.
3. A person with an increased state
of ojas is happy with strong dhatus
and capacity to do hard work .
 VYADHIKSHAMATVA
lÉ cÉ xÉuÉÉïÍhÉ zÉUÏUÉÍhÉ
urÉÉÍkɤÉqÉiuÉå xÉqÉjÉÉïÌlÉ pÉuÉÎliÉ ||
(cÉ.xÉÔ.28/7)
1. The human body has the ability to resist almost
all types of organism or toxins .
2. That to damage the tissues or organs, leading to
causation of disease.
3. This capacity is known as Vyadhikshamatwa
Shakti.
ACCORDING TO CHARAK
All the dhatus (tissues ) are not
equally capable of
vyadhikshamatva.
 That is Capacity to resist the
disease.
 ACCORDING TO CHAKRAPANI
 The human body Develops as a foetus
in the uterus of the mother after
union of the PUMBIJA and
STREEBIJA .
1. The tissues, organs and Parts of the
foetus (human body) develop.
2. And grow as planned by the
BIJABHAGA of pumbija and
streebija.
 VYADHIKSHAMATVA
urÉÉÍkɤÉqÉiuÉÇ lÉÉqÉ
urÉÉÍkÉoÉsÉÌuÉUÉåÍkÉiuÉÇ urÉÉÍkÉ
EimÉÉSmÉëÌiÉoÉlkÉMüiuÉqÉ CÌiÉ
TWO TYPES -rÉÉuÉiÉç||
1. Vyadhibala- Virodhitwa- which is
antagonist to the strength and
virulence of the disease
2. Vyadhyutpadapratibandhakatwa –
The capacity to inhibit, contain and
bind the causes or factors of disease.
 BALA TYPES
ACCORDING TO CHARAK
1.Sahaja
2.Kalaja
3.Yuktikrita
SAHAJA (CONSTITUTIONAL)
1. Sahaja is constitutional.
2. It is present in each and every human
being from the very time of the birth
and received from the parent .
3. This is because of natural growth of
the dhatus in the body .
4. Thus the natural strength does not
require any extragenous factor for its
growth.
 KALAJA
TWO TYPES –
1. RituRupa Kala - based upon season.
2. VayaRupa kala - based upon age.
The Year divided into two Ayanas
1. UTTARAYANA – Sishira, Vasant ,
Greeshma
2. DAKSHINAYANA – Varsha, Sharat
and Hemanta.
 STRENGTH OF HUMAN
ACCORDING TO SEASON
SEASON STRENGTH

Greeshma &Varsha Completely depleted

Vasanta &Sharad Moderate strength

Hemanta &Shishira Full Strength

 YUKTIKRITA (ACQUIRED)
1. This is achieved by the Proper
combination of diet and other
regimens.
2. Like rest, exercise, yoga.
3. Use of suitable Yoga.
4. The word Yoga is Aushadha Yoga .
5. It include Rasayana yoga,
Vaccination, inoculations and other
immunization method.
 RASAYANA
1. Rasayana means Science of Lengthening
lifespan.
2. Rasayana therapy enriches rasa with
nutrients to help one attain longevity,
excellence in complexion and voice,
optimum development of physique.
3. Chawanprasha is one of the traditional
rasayanas. Other rasayanas like Pippali
Rasayana, Haritaki Rasayana etc.
ACCORDING TO MODERN
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
 CONTENTS
1. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
2. BLOOD CELLS
3. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
4. DEFENCE MECHANISM
5. PHAGOCYTOSIS
6. LYMPHOCYTES
7. ANTIBODY
8. HYPERSENSITIVITY
9. ALLERGY
10.REFERENCE
 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
 Immunology -
1. Study of the components and function of
the immune system

 Immune System -
A. Molecules, cells, tissues and organs
which provide non-specific and specific
protection against
a) Microorganisms
b) Microbial toxins
c) Tumor cells
BLOOD CELLS
 THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
1. Immune response
A. Innate (non-specific)
B. Adaptive (specific)
I. Primary
II. Secondary
2. Immunity
A. State of non-specific and specific
protection
3. Acquisition of Immunity
I. Natural
II. Artificial
PHYSICAL BARRIER
Figure 1-4
 DEFENSE MECHANISM OF THE
HUMAN HOST
1. Innate Mechanisms (Innate immunity)
a) First line of defense
b) Non-specific

2. Adaptive Mechanisms (Adaptive

immunity)
a) Second line of defense
b) Highly specific with memory
 NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
1. Active
A. Antigens enter body naturally with response
a) Innate and adaptive immune systems
b) Provides long term protection

2. Passive
A. Antibodies pass from mother to
a) Fetus across placenta
b) Infant in breast milk
ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
1. Active
I. Antigens enter body through vaccination
with response of
a) Innate and adaptive immune systems

2. Passive
I. Antibodies from immune individuals injected
into body
 Referred to as
Immune serum globulins (ISG)
–Immunoglobulins (IG)
COLONY OF STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIA
PHAGOCYTOSIS
 PHAGOCYTES
1. Produced throughout life by the bone
marrow.
2. Scavengers – remove dead cells and
microorganisms.
 NEUTROPHILS
• 60% of WBCs
• ‘Mobile tissues’ as they squeeze out of the
capillaries.
• Large numbers are released during
infections.
• Short lived – die after digesting bacteria.
• Dead neutrophils make up a large
proportion of pus.
 MACROPHAGES
1. Larger than neutrophils.
2. Found in the organs, not the blood.
3. Made in bone marrow as monocytes,
called macrophages .
4. Long lived.
5. Initiate immune responses And
display antigens .
 LYMPHOCYTES
1. Produce antibodies.
2. B-cells mature in bone marrow then
concentrate in lymph nodes and spleen.
3. T-cells mature in thymus gland.
4. B cells and T cells mature then circulate
in the blood and lymph .
5. Circulation ensures they come into contact
with pathogens and each other .
 T – LYMPHOCYTES
1. Mature T-cells have T cell receptors which
have a very similar structure to antibodies
and are specific to particular antigen.
2. They are activated when the receptor comes
into contact with the Antigen with another
host cell
3. Ex. A macrophage membrane or an invaded
body cell. .
 B – LYMPHOCYTES
1. Some activated B cells produce 
PLASMA CELLS.
2. These produce lots of antibodies <
1000/sec.
3. The antibodies travel to the blood, lymph,
lining of gut and lungs etc.
4. The number of plasma cells goes down
after a few weeks.
5. Antibodies stay in the blood longer.
6. Eventually their numbers go down too.
 ANTIBODIES
1. Also known as Immunoglobulins.
2. They have heavy and light chains .
3. which are made up of polypeptides And
glycoprotein.
4. The chains are held together by disulphide
bridges.
5. Each antibody has two identical antigen
binding sites known as - variable regions.
6. The order of amino acids in the variable
regions determine the shape of the binding site.
 WORK OF ANTIBODY
1. Some act as labels to identify the antigens for
phagocytes.
2. Some work as Antitoxins .
3. That is they block toxins of pathogen which
causing Cholera and tetanus.
4. Some attach to bacterial flagella making them
less active and easier for phagocytes to engulf.
5. Some cause Agglutination (clumping together)
of bacteria making them less likely to spread.
 DIFFERENT
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
 TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
1. Five classes
a) Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
b) Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
c) Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
d) Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
e) Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
2. Based on structural differences in constant
regions of heavy chains
3. Classes have specialized effector functions
 HYPERSENSITIVITY
1. The immunological hyersensitive reactions to
an agent give rise to various allergic condition
and autoimmune diseases.
TYPES
I. TYPE 1 – Anaphylactic Reactions
II. TYPE 2 - Cytotoxic Reactions
III. TYPE 3 - Antibody mediated Reactions
IV. TYPE 4 - Cell – mediated Reactions
V. TYPE 5 - Stimulatory/ Blocking Reactions
 ALLERGY
1. The term allergy is used to describe an
OverReaction to substances in the environment
2. That are harmless for most people.
3. Induce an immune response that causes a
variety of symptoms in predisposed people.
4. ALLERGY is not a disease in the typical sense.
5. It is an exaggeration of the body’s natural
immune defenses.
6. Mild allergies can be annoying and severe
forms can be very serious or even deadly.
 TYPES OF ALLERGY
1. RESPIRATORY ALLERGY
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis,, rhinosinusitis &
Allergic asthma, which cause wheezing,
Coughing, shortness of breath, sneezing,
Rhinorrhea .
2. SKIN ALLERGY (DERMATITIS) :-
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) and contact
Dermatitis, which mainly cause skin rash.
3. OTHER ALLERGIES :-
Food allergies and insect venom, which cause
Different types of reactions that in some cases
May be life-threatening (anaphylaxis).
 REFERENCES
1. CHARAK SAMHITA
2. SUSHRUTA SAMHITA
3. ASTANG HRIDAYAM GRANTHA
4. VD. RAJENDRA DESHPANDEY
5. DR. CHITARANJAN DAS
6. DR. SUBHASH RANADE
7. ESSENTIAL OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
(DR. SEMBULINGAM)