Statika Fluida

Mechanic Fluid
Lecturer: Hadi KARDHANA, ST., MT., PhD.
 Introduction
• Fluid static is the study of pressures throughout a fluid at
rest and the pressure forces on finite surface.
• The general rule applies to fluid at rest:
1. No shears stress /force acting on it.
2. Any force between the fluid and the boundary must be acting at
right angles to the boundary (normal to the surface).

F F

Pressure forces normal to the boundary

Pressure
 The basic property of a static fluid is pressure.
 Pressure is defined as the amount of surface force exerted
by a fluid on any boundary it is in contact with. It can be
written as:

Force
Pr essure 
Area of which the force is applied
F
P (2.1)
A

Unit: N / m2 or Pascal (Pa).

(Also frequently used is bar, where 1 bar = 105 Pa).
 Pressure Principles
1. Pressure acts uniformly in all directions on a small volume
of fluid.
2. In a fluid confined by solid boundaries, pressure acts
perpendicular to the boundary.
These principles, called Pascal’s Law,

Fluid surfaces

Pressure acting uniformly Direction of fluid pressures

in all directions on boundaries
Absolute and Gauge Pressure
• Pressure measurements are generally indicated as being either
absolute or gauge pressure.
• Gauge pressure (Relative Pressure)
• is the pressure measured above or below the atmospheric pressure
(i.e. taking the atmospheric as datum).
• can be positive or negative.
• A negative gauge pressure is also known as vacuum pressure.
• Absolute pressure
• uses absolute zero, which is the lowest possible pressure.
• Therefore, an absolute pressure will always be positive.
• A simple equation relating the two pressure measuring system can
be written as:
• Pabs = Pgauge + Patm (2.2)
• Atmospheric pressure
• refers to the prevailing pressure in the air around us.
• It varies somewhat with changing weather conditions, and it
decreases with increasing altitude.
• At sea level, average atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa
(abs), 14.7 psi (abs), or 1 atmosphere (1 bar = 1x105 Pa).
• This is commonly referred to as ‘standard atmospheric
pressure’.
Example
a) Express a pressure of 155 kPa (gauge) as an absolute
pressure.
b) Express a pressure of –31 kPa (gauge) as an absolute
pressure.
c) The local atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs).
Solution:
a) Pabs = Pgauge + Patm
b) Pabs = 155 + 101 = 256 kPa

c) Pabs = -31 + 101 = 70 kPa

 Equality of Pressure at the Same Level
in a Static Fluid
Fluid density, ρ
A A
PL PR Horizontal element
cylinder of fluid

W = mg

 Consider the horizontal cylindrical element of fluid with cross sectional area,
A, in a fluid of density , pressure PL at the left end and PR at the right end.
 Fluid is at equilibrium, so the sum of forces acting on the x-direction is zero
()
ΣF =0.
PLA – PRA = 0
 PL = P R
This proof that pressure in the horizontal direction is constant.
 Variations of Pressure with Elevation

P2, A
Area, A

Fluid h
Small cylindrical Density
element of fluid  Z2

Z1
P1, A
Reference/datum

 To find the variations of pressure with elevation, let’s consider a

small cylindrical element of fluid of cross-sectional area A, and
height (h = Z2 –Z1), surrounded by the same fluid of mass density, .
•The pressure at the bottom of the cylinder is P1 at level Z1,
and at the top is P2 at level Z2. The fluid is at rest and in
equilibrium so all the forces in the vertical direction sum to
zero.
 Force due to P1 (upward) = P1A
 Force due to P2 (downward) = P2A
 Force due to weight of element = mg = gA(Z2-Z1)
 Taking the summation of forces (upward as positive);
P2, A
• ()F=0 Area, A
• P1A – P2A - gA(Z2-Z1) = 0
• P1 – P2 = g (Z2-Z1) = gh
Fluid h
• or P2 – P1 = - g(Z2-Z1) = - gh Density
 Z2
•Thus, in any fluid under gravity,
 an increase in elevation causes a decrease in pressure. P1, A
Z1
 a decrease in elevation causes an increase in pressure. Referenc
m
Pressure and head
Free surface
P2 = Patm

ya h

P1
y

 In a liquid with a free surface the pressure at any depth h

measured from the free surface can be found by applying equation
P2 – P1 = - gh or P1 = P2 + gh to the figure.
 From equation: P1 – P2= g (ya-y)
But ya-y = h , and
P2 = Patm (atmospheric
pressure since it is at free surface).
Thus, P1 – Patm= gh
or P1 = Patm + gh (abs)
or in terms of gauge pressure (Patm= 0),: P1 = gh = h
 Two tanks of different
cross-section connected
by a pipe

 Applying equation P1 = P2 +gh

PL = PP + ρgh ---------------- (1)
and
PR = PQ + ρgh ---------------- (2)
 Earlier, we have shown that PL = PR, therefore equating (1) and (2) will
give
Pp + ρgh = PQ + ρgh
PP = P Q
This shows that the pressures at two equal levels P & Q are the same.
 From the equations, it can be concluded that the change in pressure is
directly proportional to the specific weight of the liquid, and pressure
varies linearly with the change of elevation or depth.
 The linear variation with depth below the free surface is known as
hydrostatic pressure distribution.
 Hydrostatic pressure increases with the depth of fluid. Notice that in
Figure below, the reading on the pressure gauge of tank A is lower than
the reading of tank B. The gauges show the pressure created by the depth
and specific weight of the liquid.
Tank A Tank B

liquid
liquid

Different pressure
due to different depth
PA < PB
 As g is assumed constant, the gauge pressure can be
given by stating the vertical height, h, of any fluid
density, , which would be necessary to produce this
pressure. This vertical height, h, is known as pressure
head or just head of fluid, and can be written as;

h = P/g
Note that when pressures are expressed as head, the
density of fluid must be given or the fluid is named.
Pascal’s Paradox
 Earlier we have shown that the change in pressure depends
only on the change of elevation and the type of fluid, not on
the weight of the fluid present.
 Therefore, all the containers shown in Figure below would
have the same pressure at the bottom – no matter what the
size or shape of container and how much fluid they
contained.
 This observation is called Pascal’s Paradox.

h h Illustration of
Pascal’s Paradox

Pressure is the same at the bottom of container: P=gh

Example
What will be the gauge pressure and absolute pressure of
water at a depth 12m below the surface? Take ρwater = 1000
kg/m3 and Patm = 101 kN/m2
Solution:
Pgauge = ρgh
= 1000 x 9.81 x 12
= 117.7 kN/m2 (kPa)
Pabs = Pgauge + Patm
= (117.7 + 101) kN/m2
= 218.7 kN/m2
Example
A cylinder contains a fluid at a gauge pressure of 200 kN/m2. Express
this pressure in terms of
head of water ( =1000 kg/m3)
head of mercury (SG=13.6)
What would be the absolute pressure if the atmospheric pressure is, Patm
= 101.3 kN/m2.
Solution:
h= P/g
a) for water: h = 200x103/(1000x9.81)
= 20.39 m of water.
b) for mercury h = 200x103/(13.6x1000x9.81)
= 1.5 m of mercury
Absolute pressure = Patm + Pgauge
= 101.3 + 200 = 301.3 kN/m2.
• Example
 Figure below shows a tank with one side open to the
atmosphere and the other side sealed with air above the oil
(SG=0.90). Calculate the gauge pressure at points A,B,C,D,E.

1m A

3m
Oil (SG = 0.90)

B D

2m
C
Solution:
At point A, the oil is exposed to the atmosphere
thus PA=Patm = 0 (gauge)
Point B is 3 m below point A,
E
Thus PB = PA + oilgh
= 0 + 0.9x1000x9.81x3
1m A
= 26.5 kPa (gauge)
Point C is 5 m below point A,
Thus PC = PA + oilgh 3m
Oil (S
= 0 + 0.9x1000x9.81x5
= 44.15 kPa (gauge)
B D
Point D is at the same level of point B,
thus PD = PB 2m
= 26.5 kPa (gauge) C
Point E is higher by 1 m from point A,
Thus PE = PA - oilgh
= 0 - 0.9x1000x9.81x1
= -8.83 kPa (gauge).
21
 Pressure Measurement
• Atmospheric pressure is usually measured by a
mercury barometer.
• A simple barometer consists of a tube more than
760 mm (30 inch) long inserted in an open
container of mercury with a closed and evacuated
end at the top and open end at the bottom with
mercury extending from the container up into the
tube.
• A void is produced at the top of the tube which is
very nearly a perfect vacuum. Figure at right
shows an example of a barometer. Figure 2.10:
• Mercury rises in the tube to a height of Barometer
approximately 760 mm (30 in.) at sea level.
• The level of mercury will rise and fall as
atmospheric pressure changes; direct reading of
the mercury level gives prevailing atmospheric
pressure as a pressure head (of mercury), which
can be converted to pressure using the relation:

• Patm = ρgh.
Piezometer tube
 A simple vertical tube open at the top, which is attached to
the system containing the liquid where the pressure (higher
than atmospheric pressure) to be measured.
 As the tube is open to the atmosphere, the pressure
measured is the gauge pressure.

Pressure at A = pressure due to

column of liquid above A
h1 PA = gh1
h2
A Pressure at B = pressure due to
column of liquid above B
Liquid
density,  PB = gh2

B

Piezometer tube
U-tube Manometer
 One end of the U-tube is connected to the pressure that is to be
measured, while the other end is left open to atmosphere.
 The tube contains a liquid, which is called the manometric fluid,
which does not mix with the fluid whose pressure is to be
measured.
 The fluid whose pressure is being measured should have a lesser
density than the manometric fluid. (ρ < ρman )
Pa

PA
U-tube manometer
h2
h1
Fluid density,  B C

Manometric fluid density, man

Pressure in a continuous static fluid is the same at any horizontal level so,
Pressure at B = Pressure at C
PB = P c (1)
For the left hand arm:
Pressure at B = Pressure at A + pressure due to h1
PB = PA + ρgh1 (2)
For right hand arm:
Pressure at C = Pressure at D + pressure due to height h2
PC = PD + ρmangh2
but PD = Patm (atmospheric pressure due
to open end)
As we are measuring gauge pressure, Patm = 0
PC= ρmangh2 (3)
But PC = PB, substitute in (3); will give;
PB = ρmangh2 (4)
Equating (2) and (4);
PA + ρgh1= ρmangh2
PA = ρmangh2 - ρgh1
 Differential Manometer
 In some cases, the different
between the pressures at two
different points is desired rather
than the actual value of the
pressure at each point.
 A manometer to determine this
pressure difference is called the
differential manometer (see figure
below). P1 P2
 The liquids in manometer will rise
or fall as the pressure at either end
(or both ends) of the tube changes.

Differential manometer
In the above figure: P1 P2

P1 = PA + 1ga
P2 = PB + 1g(b-h) + mangh
But P1 = P2 (same horizontal level)
Thus PA + 1ga = PB + 1g(b-h) + mangh
or PA - PB = 1g(b-h) + mangh - 1ga
PA- PB = 1g(b-a) + gh(man - 1)
Remember: Capillarity Rise

Capillary actions

2 cos 
h
r
where h = height of capillary rise (or depression)
 = surface tension
 = wetting (contact) angle
 = specific weight of liquid
r = radius of tube
Example
What height would a barometer need to
be to measure atmospheric pressure?
Solution:

Patm = 1 bar = 1 x 105 Pa

Patm = gh

Water barometer: h
Patm

1x10 5
 water g 1000 x9.81
 10.2 m of water

Patm 1x105
Mercury barometer: h 
 Hg g 13.6 x1000 x9.81
 0.76 m of mercury
Example
Determine the pressure at point A in the figure below if
h1 = 0.2 m and h2 = 0.3 m. Use water = 1000 kg/m3.
Solution:
P2 = P1 + Hggh2
But P1 = Patm (open to atmosphere) ==>P1 = 0 (gauge)
 P2 = Hggh2
P3 = PA + waterg(h1+h2)
We know that P2 = P3 (same horizontal level)
Thus Points to be selected:

Hggh2 = PA + waterg(h1+h2) 1 – at the open end of the manometer

2 – at the right leg of the manometer
 3 – same level with point 2 but at left
leg of the manometer
PA = Hggh2 - waterg(h1+h2) 4 – same level as point A
PA = 13.54x1000x9.81x0.3 – 1000x9.81x(0.2+0.3) Pressure at the points:
PA = 39, 848 - 4905 P1=Patm
P2 = P3
PA = 34.9 kPa (gauge) P4 = PA
Pressure Diagram
 In Figure, the triangle on the right hand side
(RST) is a graphical representation of the R
(gauge) pressure change with depth on one P = gy
y
side of the vertical wall of the tank containing Liquid 2/3 H
a liquid with density . At the free surface the density, 
Fw
gauge pressure is zero. It increases linearly H
from zero at the surface by P = gy, to a
maximum of at the base of P = gH. S T
P = gH

 The area of this triangle (RST) represents the resultant force per unit width on the
vertical wall. So;
 Area of pressure diagram = Therefore, the resultant force per unit width,
1
Fw  gH 2 (N / m)
2
 This force acts through the centroid of the pressure diagram. For a triangle, the
centroid is located at 2/3 its height, thus the resultant force acts at a depth of 2/3 H
from R.
 The total resultant force can be obtained by multiplying the above equation with the
width of the surface, B.
F = ½ pgH2B
 The same pressure diagram technique can be used when combinations of liquid are
held in tanks (e.g. oil floating on water).
31
Example
A 6-m deep tank contains 4 m of water and 2-m of oil as shown
in the diagram below. Determine the pressure at point A and
at the bottom of the tank. Draw the pressure diagram.

oil 2m
A water = 1000 kg/m3

SG of oil = 0.98
water 4m

32
Solution:
Pressure at oil water interface (PA)
PA = Patm + Poil (due to 2 m of oil)
= 0 + oilghoil = 0 + 0.98 x 1000 x 9.81 x 2
= 15696 Pa
PA = 15.7 kPa (gauge)
Pressure at the bottom of the tank;
PB = PA + waterghwater
PB = 15.7x1000 + 1000 x 9.81 x 4
= 54940 Pa
PB = 54.9 kPa (gauge)

Patm = 0 Pressure Diagram

2m oil PA=15.7 kPa

A

water
PA
4m

PB = 54.9 kPA

33
Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surface
 Pressure has been defined as force divided by the area on which it acts.
This principle can be restated as when a fluid is adjacent to a fixed
surface, it exerts a force on the surface because of the pressure in the
liquid. For fluid at rest, the force always act at right angles to the surface.
 For horizontal plane submerged in a liquid, the pressure, P, will be equal
at all points of the surface. This leads to the conclusion that the resultant
force on horizontal surface due to that pressure can be computed from the
simple product of pressure times the area of interest, i.e.
Force = Pressure x Area of plane
F = PA
 This force will act vertically downward and through the center of pressure.

F=PA=gh
h
Resultant force on
horizontal plane
Resultant Force and Center of Pressure on
a Submerged Plane Surface in a Liquid

 The Figure shows a plane surface PQ of

an area A submerged in a liquid of
density, , and inclined at an angle  to
the free surface.
 Considering one side only, there will be
a force due to fluid pressure, acting on
each element of area A, the magnitude
of the pressure will depend on the
vertical depth y of the element below
the free surface. Taking the pressure at
the free surface as zero, and from the
equation, the pressure at a distance y
below the free surface can be written
as: Resultant force on a

p = gy. plane surface

immersed in a fluid

35
Force on elemental area A: dF = PA = gyA
The resultant force acting on the plane can be found
by summing all the forces on the small element:
F = ΣPA = Σgy A
Assuming that  and g are constant,
F = g Σy A
The quantity Σy A is the first moment of inertia (first
moment) of area under the surface PQ about the free
surface of the liquid and is equal to Aŷ, where A = the
area of the whole immersed surface and ŷ = vertical
distance from the free surface to the centroid of the
area, G, of the immersed surface.
Centroid of the area is defined as the point at which the area would be balanced if
suspended from that point. It is equivalent to the center or gravity of a solid body.
Substituting into equation p = g ŷ will give
F = gŷA
It may be noted that the resultant force, F, is independent of the angle of
inclination  so long as the depth of the centroid ŷ is unchanged.
The point of application of the resultant force on the submerged area is called the
center of pressure. This resultant force will act perpendicular to the immersed
surface at the center of pressure, C at depth yo
 The depth of the center of pressure, y0, below the free
surface can be found using the following:
Ig
y o  yˆ 
Ayˆ
where
Ig = second moment of plane area about its center of gravity (Moment
Inertia of Plane Area)
A = the area of the whole immersed surface
ŷ = distance from the free surface to the centroid of the area A
 The above equation implies that the center of pressure is
always below the centroid.

37
Centroid
 Second Moments of Area/ Moment Inertia Pararel axis teorem
Shape Area Ig
Rectangle bh bh3/12

b hh
G G
G G

Triangle bh/2 bh3/36

Gh h
G
h/3
GG h/3
b
b
Circle
d2/4 d4/64

dd
GG
GG
Resultant Force on a submerged curved surface (1)

• Resultant Force: R =
(RH+ RV)0.5
• RH is Hydrostatic force
on vertical projection
of curved surface (AC
plane)
• RV is weight of fluid
above curved surface
• The angle of R at O is

From horizontal plane

Resultant Force on a submerged curved surface (2)

• Resultant Force: R =
(RH2+ RV2)0.5
• RH is Hydrostatic force
on vertical projection
of curved surface (AC
plane)
• RV is weight of
imaginary fluid above
curved surface
• The angle of R at O is

From horizontal plane

 Referensi
1. Streeter, V.L., “Fluid Mechanics”, Mc Graw-Hill Book
Company, Inc, 1962
2. White, F.M., “Fluid Mechanics”, Mc Graw-Hill Book Company,
Inc
3. Karim, O., A., Fluid Mechanics for Civil Engineering, 2005