Chapter 11 The Periodic Table

Preview

Section 1 Arranging the Elements

Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Concept Mapping
 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

Objectives
• Describe how Mendeleev arranged elements in the
first periodic table.

• Explain how elements are arranged in the modern

periodic table.

• Compare metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based

on their properties and on their location in the periodic
table.

• Describe the difference between a period and a

group.
 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

Discovering a Pattern
• In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev arranged
the elements in order of increasing atomic mass.

• Periodic Properties of the Elements When the

elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic
mass, those that had similar properties occurred in a
repeating pattern.

• These repeating patterns are periodic, meaning that

they happen at regular intervals.
 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

Discovering a Pattern, continued

• Predicting Properties of Missing Elements
Mendeleev’s arrangement had gaps in its pattern.
Mendeleev predicted that elements yet to be found
would fill these gaps. He also predicted the properties
of the missing elements.

• By 1886, all of the gaps had been filled and

Mendeleev’s predictions were right.
 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

Changing the Arrangement

• A few elements’ properties did not fit in the pattern of
Mendeleev’s table.

• In 1914, British scientist Henry Moseley found the

number of protons—the atomic number—in an atom.

• When the elements were arranged by atomic

number, they fit the pattern in Mendeleev’s table.
Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements
 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

The Periodic Table and Classes of Elements

• Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, and
metalloids, by their properties.

• The number of electrons in the outer energy level of

an atom is one characteristic that helps determine
which category an element belongs in.

• The zigzag line on the periodic table can help you

recognize which elements belong in which category.
 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

The Periodic Table and Classes of

Elements, continued
• Metals are found to the left of the zigzag line.
Atoms of most metals have few electrons in their
outer energy level.

• Most metals are shiny, ductile, malleable, and are

good conductors of electric current and thermal
energy.
 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

The Periodic Table and Classes of

Elements, continued
• Nonmetals are found to the right of the zigzag line.
Atoms of most nonmetals have an almost complete set
of electrons in their outer energy level.

• Nonmetals are not shiny, ductile, or malleable, and

are poor conductors of electric current and thermal
energy.
 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

The Periodic Table and Classes of

Elements, continued
• Metalloids are the elements that border the zigzag
line. Atoms of metalloids have about half of a complete
set of electrons in their outer energy level.

• Metalloids have some properties of metals and some

properties of nonmetals.

• Metalloids are also called semiconductors.

 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

Decoding the Periodic Table

• Each Element is Identified by a Chemical Symbol
Each square on the periodic table includes an
element’s name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and
atomic mass.

• For most elements, the chemical symbol has one or

two letters. The newest elements have temporary
three-letter symbols.
 Chapter 11 Section 1 Arranging the Elements

Decoding the Periodic Table, continued

• Rows Are Called Periods Each horizontal row of
elements is called a period. The chemical and
physical properties of elements in a row follow a
repeating pattern as you move across the period.

• Columns Are Called Groups Each vertical column

of elements is called a group. Elements in the same
group often have similar chemical and physical
properties.
 Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Bellringer

Think about the following: How do you know a bird

is a bird? a kangaroo is a kangaroo? a shark is a
shark? What characteristics of each animal help you
to tell them apart? How does this apply to elements?

Record your answers in your science journal.

 Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Objectives

• Explain why elements in a group often have similar

properties.

• Describe the properties of the elements in the groups

of the periodic table.
Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 1: Alkali Metals

Alkali metals are elements in Group 1 of the
periodic table. Alkali metal properties:

• group contains metals

• 1 electron in the outer level
• very reactive
• softness, color of silver, shininess, low
density
Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals

Alkaline-earth metals are elements in
Group 2. Alkaline-earth metal properties:

• group contains metals

• 2 electrons in the outer level
• very reactive, but less reactive than alkali
metals
• color of silver, higher densities than alkali
metals
 Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 3–12: Transition Metals

• Transition metals are in Groups 3–12. Some of the
transition metals are shown below.
 Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 3–12: Transition Metals, continued

Properties of Transition Metals vary widely but
include:

• groups contains metals

• 1 or 2 electrons in the outer level
• less reactive than alkaline-earth metals
• shininess, good conductors of electric current and
thermal energy
 Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 3–12: Transition Metals, continued

• Lanthanides and Actinides Some transition metals
from Periods 6 and 7 appear in two rows at the bottom
of the periodic table. Elements in the first row are
called lanthanides and elements in the second row are
called actinides.
Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 13: Boron Group

Aluminum is the most common element
from Group 13. Group 13 properties:

• group contains one metalloid and five

metals
• 3 electrons in the outer level
• reactive
• solids at room temperature
Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 14: Carbon Group

Group 14 properties:

• group contains one nonmetal, two

metalloids, and two metals
• 4 electrons in the outer level
• reactivity varies among the elements
• solids at room temperature
Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 15: Nitrogen Group

Group 15 properties:

• group contains two nonmetals, two

metalloids, and two metals
• 5 electrons in the outer level
• reactivity varies among the elements
• solids at room temperature (except for
nitrogen, which is a gas)
Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 16: Oxygen Group

Group 16 properties:

• group contains three nonmetals, one

metalloids, and one metal
• 6 electrons in the outer level
• reactive
• solids at room temperature (except for
oxygen, which is a gas)
Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 17: Halogens

Halogens are the elements in Group 17.
Group 17 properties:

• group contains nonmetals

• 7 electrons in the outer level
• very reactive
• poor conductors of electric current, never
in uncombined form in nature
Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Group 18: Noble Gases

Noble gases are the elements in Group 18.
Group 18 properties:

• group contains nonmetals

• 8 electrons in the outer level (except
helium, which has 2)
• unreactive
• colorless, odorless gases at room
temperature
Chapter 11 Section 2 Grouping the Elements

Hydrogen
The properties of hydrogen do not match
the properties of any single group, so
hydrogen is set apart.

• a nonmetal
• 1 electron in the outer level
• reactive
• colorless, odorless gas at room
temperature, low density
 Chapter 11 The Periodic Tables

Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide.

elements nonmetals
periods periodic table
metals families
electrons
Chapter 11 The Periodic Tables
Chapter 11 The Periodic Tables