LIKUIFAKSI

PENGANTAR DINAMIKA TANAH & REK. GEMPA

Apa itu Likuifaksi?
Apa itu Likuifaksi?
Mengapa Likuifaksi bisa terjadi?

 Pori-pori tanah berisi air dan udara, tanah

jenuh hanya berisi air (S = 100%)
 Akibat beban gempa, tegangan air pori
berlebih (Δu) meningkat, sehingga tegangan
efektif tanah (σ’) menurun.
 ru = Δu/σ’ mendekati 1, artinya tanah sudah
kehilangan tegangan efektif.
 Kontak antar partikel tanah/tegangan efektif
hampir hilang
Fenomena Likuifaksi Palu 2018
Beberapa Dampak Fenomena
Likuifaksi
Beberapa Dampak Fenomena
Likuifaksi
Lower San Fernando Dam (USGS, 1995)
The Lower San Fernando Dam located northwest
of Los Angeles, California was damaged by the
San Fernando Earthquake of 1971. The
earthquake had a magnitude of 6.7.
Liquefaction in the upstream side led to a major
slide involving the core, the crest, and the
upstream slope along nearly half the length of
the dam. The dam did not fail because a
cracked rim on the downstream side of the dam
was higher then the water level in the lake. No
loss of life resulted but 80,000 people were
evacuated downstream of the dam. The dam
was constructed between 1912 and 1915 with
hydraulic fill methods and was enlarged in
1930. The older part of the dam included a clay
core with outer zones of silty sand (Bonilla
1991). Hydraulic fill methods involve the mixing
of fill soil with water, transporting the fill to the
dam site by pipelines, depositing the fill and
water on the embankment, and allowing the
water to drain away. The fill is loose and is
susceptible to liquefaction (VTU 2000)
Syarat Terjadinya Likuifaksi
Tanah yang berpotensi likuifaksi :
 Tanah Granular (Cohessionless Soil, c = 0)

 Bersifat lepas (loose)

 Jenuh Air

“Terjadi gempa yang cukup kuat untuk memicu likuifaksi”

Adapun syarat untuk terjadinya likuifaksi berdasarkan Modified

Chinese Criteria :
 Fine content (clay fraction) < 15 %

 Liquid limit (LL) < 35 %

 Moisture content > 0,9 LL

 Jika syarat di atas telah terpenuhi maka dapat ditinjau

potensi likuifaksi berdasarkan angka keamanan (FSL)
Metode dalam Memprediksi Potensi
Likuifaksi
Cyclic Stress Approach CRR
 FS 
CSR
 Cyclic Strain Approach
 Others
 Energy Dissipation Approach
 Effective Stress Response Analysis

 Probabilistic Approach
Metode Cyclic Stress Approach
(Empiris)

 Berdasarkan pengamatan lapangan

 Data tanah sebelum dan sesudah gempa dibandingkan
 Data N-SPT atau data CPT
A. SPT Method – Determine (N1)60

Nm = measured NSPT
CE = energy ratio correction factor
CB = borehole diameter corr. factor
CR = rod length corr. factor
CS = sampler corr. factor
CN = overburden corr. factor
A. SPT Method – Calculate CSR
Source: Kramer (1996)
CSR = Cyclic Stress Ratio

τcyc = cyclic shear stress

a max = acc. max at ground surface
σv = total overburden stress
σv‘ = effective overburden stress
rd = stress reduction factor

Idriss (1999), Golesorkhi (1989):

depth in meter

Source: Idriss-Boulanger (2014)

 A. SPT Method – Calculate CRR
CRR = Cyclic Resistance Ratio

(Boulanger and Idriss, 2004)

(Idriss, 1999)

(Boulanger and Idriss, 2004) ≤ 37

MSF = Magnitude scaling factor

(N1)60cs = equiv. clean-sand SPT
Kσ = Overburden correction factor
Pa = 1 atm ≈ 100 kPa
B. CPT Method – Determine qc1

Dimensionless

qc = measured cone resistance (kPa or Mpa)

qc1 = corr. cone resistance (kPa or Mpa)
qc1N = normalized corr. Cone resistance
Pa = atmospheric pressure = 1 atm = 101 kPa
CN = overburden corr. Factor (Liao and Whitman, 1986)
B. CPT Method – Calculate CSR
CSR = Cyclic Stress Ratio

τcyc = cyclic shear stress

a max = acc. max at ground surface
σv = total overburden stress
σv‘ = effective overburden stress
rd = stress reduction factor

Idriss (1999), Golesorkhi (1989):

depth in meter

Source: Idriss-Boulanger (2014)

 B. CPT Method – Determine CRR

(Boulanger and Idriss, 2004)

(Idriss, 1999)

(Boulanger and Idriss, 2004) ≤ 211

 Contoh Perhitungan Potensi Likuifaksi
berdasarkan data N-SPT
Peak Ground Surface Acceleration = 0.358 g
Moment Magnitude (Mw) = 7.4
Magnitude Scale Factor (MSF) = 1.03 (Idriss, 1991)
Ground Water Tabel = 0.4 m

Depth N-SPT SPT Corection Factors ϒ σo σ'o Liquefaction

Flag Soil Type (N1) 60 % FC D(N1)60 (N1)60cs a(z) b(z) rd CSR CRRM=7.5 Ks CRRM FSL
(m) (Blows) CN CE CB CR CS (kN/m )3
(kN/m )2
(kN/m2) Susceptibility
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - No Liq
1.00 C Sandy Silty Clay 3 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.75 1.00 2 18 30.00 5.00 7.0 18.000 12.114 -1.11 0.117 0.78 0.269 0.098 1.100 0.111 - No Liq
2.00 S Silty Sand 6 1.70 0.80 1.00 0.75 1.00 6 17 10.00 1.00 7.0 35.000 19.304 -1.12 0.117 0.78 0.329 0.098 1.100 0.111 0.34 Liq
3.00 S Silty Sand 10 1.70 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00 11 17 10.00 1.00 12.0 52.000 26.494 -1.12 0.117 0.78 0.356 0.132 1.100 0.150 0.42 Liq
4.00 S Silty Sand 14 1.70 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00 15 17.5 10.00 1.00 16.0 69.500 34.184 -1.12 0.117 0.78 0.368 0.165 1.100 0.186 0.51 Liq
5.00 S Silty Sand 13 1.56 0.80 1.00 0.85 1.00 14 17.5 10.00 1.00 15.0 87.000 41.874 -1.12 0.117 0.78 0.376 0.156 1.093 0.175 0.47 Liq
6.00 S Silty Sand 12 1.43 0.80 1.00 0.85 1.00 12 17.5 10.00 1.00 13.0 104.500 49.564 -1.12 0.118 0.78 0.382 0.140 1.070 0.154 0.40 Liq
7.00 S Silty Sand 10 1.33 0.80 1.00 0.95 1.00 10 17.5 10.00 1.00 11.0 122.000 57.254 -1.12 0.118 0.78 0.386 0.125 1.051 0.135 0.35 Liq
8.50 S Silty Sand 8 1.22 0.80 1.00 0.95 1.00 7 17 10.00 1.00 8.0 147.500 68.039 -1.13 0.118 0.78 0.392 0.105 1.032 0.111 0.28 Liq
9.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 8 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.95 1.00 6 18 20.00 4.00 10.0 156.500 72.134 -1.13 0.118 0.78 0.392 0.118 1.026 0.124 - No Liq
10.50 C Sandy Clayey Silt 6 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 5 18 20.00 4.00 9.0 183.500 84.419 -1.13 0.118 0.78 0.393 0.111 1.013 0.116 - No Liq
11.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 5 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 4 18 20.00 4.00 8.0 192.500 88.514 -1.13 0.119 0.78 0.393 0.105 1.009 0.108 - No Liq
12.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 4 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 3 18 20.00 4.00 7.0 210.500 96.704 -1.13 0.119 0.78 0.393 0.098 1.002 0.101 - No Liq
13.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 3 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 2 18 20.00 4.00 6.0 228.500 104.894 -1.13 0.119 0.78 0.394 0.092 0.997 0.094 - No Liq
14.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 3 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 2 18 20.00 4.00 6.0 246.500 113.084 -1.14 0.119 0.78 0.394 0.092 0.992 0.094 - No Liq
15.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 4 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 3 18 20.00 4.00 7.0 264.500 121.274 -1.14 0.119 0.77 0.394 0.098 0.987 0.099 - No Liq
16.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 5 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 4 18 20.00 4.00 8.0 282.500 129.464 -1.14 0.119 0.77 0.394 0.105 0.981 0.105 - No Liq
17.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 4 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 3 18 20.00 4.00 7.0 300.500 137.654 -1.14 0.120 0.77 0.394 0.098 0.978 0.099 - No Liq
18.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 4 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 3 18 20.00 4.00 7.0 318.500 145.844 -1.14 0.120 0.77 0.394 0.098 0.974 0.098 - No Liq
19.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 4 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 3 18 20.00 4.00 7.0 336.500 154.034 -1.14 0.120 0.77 0.394 0.098 0.970 0.098 - No Liq
20.00 C Sandy Clayey Silt 5 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 4 18 20.00 4.00 8.0 354.500 162.224 -1.15 0.120 0.77 0.394 0.105 0.965 0.104 - No Liq
Analisis Potensi Likuifaksi Menggunakan
Metode Numerik

Analisis menggunakan prinsip mekanika kontinum dengan penyelesaian secara beda

hingga (finite difference) atau elemen hingga (finite element), dimana model tanah
(consistutive model) yang digunakan mampu memprediksi kenaikan tegangan air pori
berlebih akibat beban dinamik dengan baik, contohnya :
- UBCSAND
- PM4SAND
Penurunan Tanah Akibat Likuifaksi
 Contoh Perhitungan Penurunan Tanah
Peak Ground Surface Acceleration (amax) = 0.33 g
Moment Magnitude (Mw) = 8.0
Magnitude Scale Factor (MSF) = 0.75 (Recommended Curve NCEER)
Ground Water Tabel = 3 m
Tokimatsu & Seed Ishihara & Yoshimine
Depth N-SPT SPT Corection Factors ϒ Thickness vol. strain Settlement vol. strain Settlement
Flag Soil Type (N1)60 FSL Potential Liquefaction
(m) (Blows) CN CE CB CR CS (kN/m3) (m) (%) (cm) (%) (cm)
0 - Embankment - - - - - - - 0 - No Liquefaction 0.000 0% 0 0% 0
15 - Embankment - - - - - - - 20 - No Liquefaction 15.000 0% 0 0% 0
16.15 S Sandy Gravel 12 0.73 0.80 1.00 0.75 1.00 5 19 0.21 Liquefaction 1.150 4.5% 5.175 5.00% 5.750
17.65 S Sand 14 0.71 0.80 1.00 0.75 1.00 6 19 0.24 Liquefaction 1.500 4.1% 6.150 4.50% 6.750
19.35 S Sand 16 0.68 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00 7 19 0.28 Liquefaction 1.700 3.8% 6.460 4.25% 7.225
20.65 S Sand 50 0.66 0.80 1.00 0.85 1.00 23 19 0.82 Liquefaction 1.300 1.2% 1.560 1.30% 1.690
22.15 S Sand 50 0.64 0.80 1.00 0.85 1.00 22 19 0.82 Liquefaction 1.500 1.3% 1.875 1.40% 2.100
23.65 S Sand 50 0.63 0.80 1.00 0.95 1.00 24 19 0.94 Liquefaction 1.500 1.1% 1.650 0.95% 1.425
Σ settlement 22.87 Σ settlement 24.94
Kuat Geser Tanah Setelah Gempa
(Post-Earthquake Shear Strength)
 Kuat Geser Tanah Setelah Gempa
(Post-Earthquake Shear Strength)
• Tanah Tidak terlikuifaksi
• Tanah Terlikuifaksi

Excess pore water pressure ratio versus FSL under level

ground conditions (after Marcuson et. al. 1990)

Normalized residual strength ratio of liquefied

sand versus equivalent clean-sand SPT-corrected
blow count for σ’vc < 400 kPa (Seed. Et. al,
1987)
Contoh hitungan post-eq shear strength

BH-01
Depth φPE CPE
Soil Type (N1)60 % FC (N1)60cs-sr FSLiq Su/σ'vo
(m) ˚ kN/m2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.50 Sand 7 0 7 0.12 0.07 4 0
1.00 Sand 7 0 7 0.12 0.07 4 0
1.50 Sand 7 0 7 0.12 0.07 4 0
2.00 Sand 6 0 6 0.11 0.06 3 0
2.50 Sand 6 0 6 0.11 0.06 3 0
3.00 Sand 7 0 7 0.12 0.07 4 0
3.50 Sand 7 0 7 0.12 0.07 4 0
4.00 Clayey Gravel 6 15 7 0.15 0.06 3 0
4.50 Clay 4 70 8 No Liq Constant 30 5
5.00 Clay 4 70 8 No Liq Constant 30 5
5.50 Clay 4 70 8 No Liq Constant 30 5
6.00 Clay 4 70 8 No Liq Constant 30 5
6.50 Gravel 32 10 33 3.67 Constant 30 0
7.00 Gravel 31 10 32 1.23 Constant 30 0
7.50 Gravel 30 15 31 5.68 Constant 30 0
8.00 Gravel 17 15 18 No Liq Constant 30 0
Stabilitas Lereng akibat Likuifaksi
Stabilitas Lereng akibat Likuifaksi
Pondasi Tiang pada Tanah Likuifaksi

Beam-spring model for pseudo-static analysis

of piles in liquefying soils: model parameters
and characterization of nonlinear behaviour
(Cubrinovski et al., 2009)