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Chapter Presentation Bellringers
Transparencies Standardized Test Prep
Image and Math Focus Bank CNN Videos
Visual Concepts

Introduction to Electricity
Chapter 17
Table of Contents
Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity
Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy
Section 3 Electrical Calculations
Section 4 Electric Circuits

Section 1 Electric Charge and
Chapter 17 Static Electricity
Bellringer
Write a definition for electric charge in your own words
in your science journal. When do you experience
electric charges most, in winter or in summer? Explain
your reasoning.

Objectives
• Describe how charged objects interact by using the
law of electric charges.
• Describe three ways in which an object can become

charged.
• Compare conductors with insulators.
• Give two examples of static electricity and electric

discharge.

Electric Charge
• Charges Exert Force Atoms are composed of

particles with electric charge. The law of electric
charges states that like charges repel and opposite
charges attract.


Electric Charge, continued

• The Force Between Protons and Electrons
Because protons and electrons have opposite
charges, they are attracted to each other.
• The Electric Force and the Electric Field The

force between charged objects is an electric force.
An electric field is the region around a charged
object in which an electric force is exerted on another
charged object.


Charge It!
• Friction Charging by friction happens when
electrons are “wiped” from one object onto another.
• Conduction Charging by conduction happens when

electrons move from one object to another by direct
contact.
• Induction Charging by induction happens when

charges in an uncharged metal object are rearranged
without direct contact with a charged object.

Charge It!, continued

Charge It!, continued

• Conservation of Charge
When you charge something
by any method, no charges
are created or destroyed.
The numbers of electrons
and protons stay the same.
• Detecting Charge You

can use a device called an
electroscope to see if
something is charged.

Chapter 17 Visual Concepts
Charging by Contact
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing

the Esc key.

Moving Charges
• Conductors An electrical conductor is a material

in which charges can move easily.
• Insulators An electrical insulator is a material in

which charges cannot move easily.

Static Electricity
• Static electricity is the electric charge at rest on an
object.
• Electric Discharge The loss of static electricity as

charges move off an object is called electric
discharge. One of the most dramatic examples of
electric discharge is lightning. The next slide shows
how lightning is formed.


Static Electricity, continued

• Lightning Dangers It is particularly dangerous to
be at the beach or on a golf course during a lightning
storm. Even standing under a tree during a storm is
dangerous.
• Lightning Rods A lightning rod is a pointed rod

connected to the ground by a wire. Objects that are
joined to Earth by a conductor, such as a wire, are
grounded.

Section 2 Electric Current and
Chapter 17 Electrical Energy
Bellringer
What is the difference between something that is direct

and something that is alternating? How does the
difference relate to electric current?
Record your responses in your science journal.

Objectives
• Describe electric current.
• Describe voltage and its relationship to electric

current.
• Describe resistance and its relationship to electric

current.

Objectives, continued
• Explain how a cell generates electrical energy.
• Describe how thermocouples and photocells

generate electrical energy.

Electric Current
• Electric current is the rate at which charges pass
through a given point. Electric current is expressed in
units called amperes, or amps.
• Making Charges Move When you flip a switch, an

electric field is set up in the wire at the speed of light.
The electric field causes the free electrons in the wire
to move.

Electric Current, continued
• Commanding Electrons to Move This electric field

is created so quickly that all electrons start moving
through the wire at the same instant. Think of the
electric field as a command to the electrons to charge
ahead.

Electric Current, continued
• AC and DC There are two kinds of electric current—

direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC).

Voltage
• Voltage is the potential difference between two points

in a circuit. Voltage is expressed in volts (V).
• Voltage and Energy Voltage is a measure of how

much work is needed to move a charge between two
points.You can think of voltage as the amount of
energy released as a charge moves between two
points in the path of a current.

Voltage, continued
• Voltage and Electric

Current As long as there is a
voltage between two points on
a wire, charges will flow in the
wire. The size of the current
depends on the voltage.
• Varying Nature of Voltage

Different devices need
different levels of voltage.

Resistance
• Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric

charge.
• Resistance and Material Good conductors, such as

copper, have low resistance. Poor conductors, such as
iron, have higher resistance.
• Resistance, Thickness, and Length Thick, short

wires have less resistance than thin, long wires.

Resistance, continued
• Resistance and Temperature In general, the

resistance of metals increases as temperature rises.

Chapter 17 Visual Concepts
Factors That Affect Resistance
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing

the Esc key.

Generating Electrical Energy
• Parts of a Cell A cell contains a mixture of

chemicals called an electrolyte. Every cell also has a
pair of electrodes made from conducting materials.
• Kinds of Cells Two kinds of cells are wet cells and

dry cells. The electrolytes in dry cells are solid or
pastelike.


Generating Electrical Energy, continued
• Thermocouples
Thermal energy can be
converted into electrical
energy by a
thermocouple.
• Photocells A photocell
converts light energy into
electrical energy.

Chapter 17 Section 3 Electrical Calculations
Bellringer
How fast is a nanosecond? A nanosecond (ns) is one-

billionth of a second. Electrical signals travel at
30 cm/ns. Calculate how far electrical signals travel in
1 second.
Record your answers in your science journal.

Objectives
• Use Ohm’s law to calculate voltage, current, and

resistance.
• Calculate electric power.
• Determine the electrical energy used by a device.
• Compare the power ratings of different electrical

appliances.

Connecting Current, Voltage, and Resistance
• Georg Ohm (1789 –1854) studied the resistances of

materials. He measured the current that resulted from
different voltages applied to a piece of metal wire.
• Ohm’s Law Ohm found that the ratio of voltage to

current is a constant for each material. This ratio is the
resistance of the material.
V
R= , or V = I  R
I

Connecting Current, Voltage, and

Resistance, continued


Electric Power
• What Is Electric Power? The rate at which electrical
energy is changed into other forms of energy is electric
power. Electric power is calculated using the following
equation:
power = voltage  current, or P = V  I
• Watt: The Unit of Power The unit for power is the

watt (W). Another common unit of power is the
kilowatt (kW). One kilowatt is equal to 1,000 W.

Electric Power, continued
• Power Ratings When you

read the wattage label on a light
bulb, you are reading the bulb’s
power rating. The power rating
describes the rate at which an
electric device uses electrical
energy.

Measuring Electrical Energy
• The amount of electrical energy used in a home

depends the power of the electrical devices in the
house and the length of the time that those devices
are on. The equation for electrical energy is as
follows:
electrical energy = power  time, or E = P  t


Measuring Electrical Energy, continued
• Measuring Household Energy Use Different

amounts of electrical energy are used each day in a
home. Electric companies usually calculate electrical
energy by multiplying the power in kilowatts by the
time in hours.
• How to Save Energy Every appliance uses

energy. Replacing items that have high power ratings
with items that have lower ratings is a way to save
energy.

Measuring Electrical Energy, continued

• It’s All About the Bulb All of the lighting in a home
could make up as much as 25% of a home’s energy
consumption. So, buying and using energy–efficient
light bulbs can make a big difference in the amount of
energy used by a household.
• Energy–Saving Programs Many governments and

organizations around the world have started programs
to help save energy and natural resources.

Chapter 17 Section 4 Electric Circuits
Bellringer
What happens when you turn the lights on? What
allows lights to be turned on and off? Write your
answer or draw an explanatory picture for later
reference in your science journal. What happens
beyond the confines of the room when you flip the
light switch?

Objectives
• Name the three essential parts of a circuit.
• Compare series circuits with parallel circuits.
• Explain how fuses and circuit breakers protect your

home against short circuits and circuit overloads.

Parts of an Electric Circuit

• Forming a Loop An electric circuit is a complete,
closed path through which electric charges flow.
• All circuits need three basic parts: an energy source,

wires, and a load.


Parts of an Electric Circuit, continued

• A Switch to Control a Circuit Sometimes, a circuit
also contains a switch. A switch is used to open and
close a circuit.

Types of Circuits
• Series Circuits A series circuit is a circuit in which all
parts are connected in a single loop.
• Uses for Series Circuits Series circuits are useful in

wiring burglar alarms. If any part of the circuit fails, there
will be no current in the system and the alarm will sound.

Types of Circuits, continued

• Parallel Circuits A parallel circuit is a circuit in
which loads are connected side by side.
• Uses for Parallel Circuits Almost all appliances are

built with parallel circuits so that they will keep working
if part of the system fails.

Household Circuit Safety

• Circuit Failure Broken wires or water can cause a
short circuit. In a short circuit, charges do not go
through one or more loads in the circuit.
• Fuses A fuse has a thin strip of metal. Fuses keep

charges from flowing if the current is too high.

Household Circuit Safety, continued
• Circuit Breakers A circuit

breaker is a switch that
automatically opens if the current
is too high. Charges stop flowing.
• Electrical Safety Tips Do not

overload circuits by plugging in too
many electrical devices. Do not
use electrical devices near water.

Chapter 17 Introduction to Electricity
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide.
battery
electrical energy
thermocouple
light energy
thermal energy



End of Chapter 17 Show

Chapter 17 Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the
questions that follow each passage.

Passage 1 In 1888, Frank J. Sprague developed a

way to operate trolleys by using electrical energy.
These electric trolleys ran on a metal track and were
connected by a pole to an overhead power line.
Electric charges flowed down the pole to motors in the
trolley. A wheel at the top of the pole, called a shoe,
rolled along the power line and allowed the trolley to
move along its track without losing contact with its
source of electrical energy. The charges passed
through the motor and then returned to a generator by
way of the metal track.

1. In this passage, what does the word shoe mean?

A a type of covering that you wear on your foot
B a device that allowed a trolley to get electrical energy
C a flat, U-shaped metal plate nailed to a horse’s hoof
D the metal track on which trolleys ran

1. In this passage, what does the word shoe mean?

A a type of covering that you wear on your foot
B a device that allowed a trolley to get electrical energy
C a flat, U-shaped metal plate nailed to a horse’s hoof
D the metal track on which trolleys ran

2. What is the main purpose of this passage?

F to inform the reader
G to influence the reader’s opinion
H to express the author’s opinion
I to make the reader laugh

2. What is the main purpose of this passage?

F to inform the reader
G to influence the reader’s opinion
H to express the author’s opinion
I to make the reader laugh

3. Which of the following statements describes what

happens first in the operation of a trolley?
A Charges flow down the pole.
B Charges pass through the motor.
C Charges enter the shoe from the power line.
D Charges return to the generator through the tracks.

3. Which of the following statements describes what

happens first in the operation of a trolley?
A Charges flow down the pole.
B Charges pass through the motor.
C Charges enter the shoe from the power line.
D Charges return to the generator through the tracks.

Passage 2 Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) first

suggested the terms positive and negative for the two
types of charge. At the age of 40, Franklin was a
successful printer and journalist. He saw some
experiments on electricity and was so fascinated by
them that he began to devote much of his time to
experimenting. Franklin was the first person to realize
that lightning is a huge electric discharge, or spark. He
invented the first lightning rod, for which he became
famous. He also flew a kite into thunderclouds—at
great risk to his life—to collect charge from them.
During and after the Revolutionary War, Franklin
gained fame as a politician and a statesman.

1. Which of the following happened earliest in

Franklin’s life?
A He gained fame as a politician.
B He flew a kite into thunderclouds.
C He saw experiments on electricity.
D He was a successful journalist.

1. Which of the following happened earliest in

Franklin’s life?
A He gained fame as a politician.
B He flew a kite into thunderclouds.
C He saw experiments on electricity.
D He was a successful journalist.

2. Which of the following statements is a fact according

to the passage?
F Franklin became interested in electricity in 1706.
G There is no connection between lightning and an
electric discharge.
H Franklin became a successful journalist after he
performed experiments with electricity.
I Flying a kite into thunderclouds is dangerous.

2. Which of the following statements is a fact according

to the passage?
F Franklin became interested in electricity in 1706.
G There is no connection between lightning and an
electric discharge.
H Franklin became a successful journalist after he
performed experiments with electricity.
I Flying a kite into thunderclouds is dangerous.

Interpreting Graphics
Use the diagram below to answer the questions that
follow.

1. Opening which switch will

turn off only light bulb 2?
A switch 1
B switch 2
C switch 3
D switch 4

1. Opening which switch will

turn off only light bulb 2?
A switch 1
B switch 2
C switch 3
D switch 4

2. Opening which switch

will turn off exactly two
light bulbs?
F switch 1
G switch 2
H switch 3
I switch 4

2. Opening which switch

will turn off exactly two
light bulbs?
F switch 1
G switch 2
H switch 3
I switch 4

3. If only switches 2 and 3

are open, which of the
following will happen?
A All three bulbs will remain
lit.
B Only bulb 1 will remain lit.
C Only bulb 3 will remain lit.
D All three bulbs will turn
off.

3. If only switches 2 and 3

are open, which of the
following will happen?
A All three bulbs will remain
lit.
B Only bulb 1 will remain lit.
C Only bulb 3 will remain lit.
D All three bulbs will turn
off.

4. Which of the following

statements is false?
F Bulb 2 will be off when
bulb 1 is off.
G Bulb 3 will be on if any
other bulb is on.
H Bulbs 1 and 3 can be
on when bulb 2 is off.
I Bulb 3 can be on when
bulbs 1 and 2 are off.

4. Which of the following

statements is false?
F Bulb 2 will be off when
bulb 1 is off.
G Bulb 3 will be on if any
other bulb is on.
H Bulbs 1 and 3 can be
on when bulb 2 is off.
I Bulb 3 can be on when
bulbs 1 and 2 are off.

Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.

1. Look at triangle ABC. If you want to draw square

ADBC, what would the coordinates of D be?
A (1, 5)
B (3, 3)
C (5, 5)
D (5, 1)

1. Look at triangle ABC. If you want to draw square

ADBC, what would the coordinates of D be?
A (1, 5)
B (3, 3)
C (5, 5)
D (5, 1)

2. The equation voltage = current  resistance is often

called Ohm’s law. If the current in an object is 0.5 A and
the voltage across the object is 12 V, what is the
resistance of the object?
F 0.042 Ω
G6Ω
H 12.5 Ω
I 24 Ω

2. The equation voltage = current  resistance is often

called Ohm’s law. If the current in an object is 0.5 A and
the voltage across the object is 12 V, what is the
resistance of the object?
F 0.042 Ω
G6Ω
H 12.5 Ω
I 24 Ω

3. Heather has six large dogs. In one day, each of the

dogs eats 2.1 kg of dog food. Which is the best
estimate of the total number of kilograms of food all of
the dogs eat in 4 weeks?
A less than 150 kg
B between 150 and 225 kg
C between 225 and 300 kg
D more than 300 kg

3. Heather has six large dogs. In one day, each of the

dogs eats 2.1 kg of dog food. Which is the best
estimate of the total number of kilograms of food all of
the dogs eat in 4 weeks?
A less than 150 kg
B between 150 and 225 kg
C between 225 and 300 kg
D more than 300 kg


















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Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Presentation Bellringers

Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

Image and Math Focus Bank CNN Videos

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Section 4 Electric Circuits

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Describe three ways in which an object can become

• Compare conductors with insulators.

• Give two examples of static electricity and electric

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Charges Exert Force Atoms are composed of

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Electric Charge, continued

• The Electric Force and the Electric Field The

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Conduction Charging by conduction happens when

• Induction Charging by induction happens when

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Charge It!, continued

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Charge It!, continued

• Detecting Charge You

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Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

You may stop the video at any time by pressing

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• Conductors An electrical conductor is a material

• Insulators An electrical insulator is a material in

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• Electric Discharge The loss of static electricity as

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