It Blows You Away

"Coal, gas and oil will not be the three

kings of the energy world for ever. It is
no longer folly to look up to the sun
and wind, down into the sea's waves"
Introduction
 Energy is a major input for overall socio-
economic development of any society

 The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing

 So renewables are expected to play a key role

 Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable

 Wind turbines are up to the task of producing

serious amounts of electricity
Principles
Uneven heating of earth’s surface and rotation
 Beaufort Scale
Force Strength km/h Effect

0 Calm 0-1 Smoke rises vertically

1 Light air 1-5 Smoke drifts slowly

2 Light breeze 6-11 Wind felt on face; leaves rustle

3 Gentle breeze 12-19 Twigs move; light flag unfurls

4 Moderate breeze 20-29 Dust and paper blown about; small branches move

5 Fresh breeze 30-39 Wavelets on inland water; small trees move

6 Strong breeze 40-50 Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out

7 Near gale 51-61 Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind

8 Gale 62-74 Twigs break off trees; walking very hard

9 Strong gale 75-87 Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down

10 Storm 88-101 Widespread damage to buildings

11 Violent Storm 102-117 Widespread damage to buildings

12 Hurricane Over 119 Devastation

Velocity with Height
Power vs. Velocity
Lift and drag forces
Solidity and Tip speed ratio
Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion
Potential
 Huge potential exists
 Available potential can contribute five
times the world energy demand
 0.4% contribution to total energy
Wind is currently the world’s fastest growing energy source
Growth of Wind Energy

Year
Wind Energy generating capacity by country, 1980-2003
Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005
Available potential in India
Wind Power Density of India
All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004

Diesel Nuclear
1% 2%
Wind
Hydro
3%
26%

Gas
Coal 10%
58%
 Installed capacity (MW) in India

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
 State wise potential in India, 2005
10000

8000

6000
MW

4000

2000

0
Gujara Karnat Mahar Rajast
AP Kerala MP Orissa TN WB
t aka ashtra han
Gross Potential 8275 9675 6620 875 5500 3650 1700 5400 3050 450
Installed Capacity 120.6 253.53 410.75 2 28.85 456.15 2 284.76 2040.3 1.1
Technology
 Turbine Evolution
Used for
• Pumping water
• Grinding grain

Mainly used for

• Generating Electricity
 Types of turbines
VAWT
 Drag is the main force

 Nacelle is placed at the bottom

 Yaw mechanism is not required

 Lower starting torque

 Difficulty in mounting the turbine

 Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

HAWT
 Lift is the main force

 Much lower cyclic stresses

 95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs

 Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower

 Yaw mechanism is required

 Two types of HAWT

DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

Counter Rotating HAWT

 Increase the rotation speed

 Rear one is smaller and stalls at high

wind speeds

 Operates for wider range of wind speeds

 Offshore turbines
 More wind speeds

 Less noise pollution

 Less visual impact

 Difficult to install and maintain

 Energy losses due long distance

transport
A Typical HAWT
Turbine design and construction

 Blades

 Material used

 Typical length

 Tower height

 Heights twice the blade length are

found economical
 Number of blades
 Three blade HAWT are most efficient

 Two blade turbines don’t require a hub

 As the number increases; noise, wear and

cost increase and efficiency decreases

 Multiple blade turbines are generally used

for water pumping purposes
 Rotational control
 Maintenance

 Noise reduction

 Centripetal force reduction

 Mechanisms
 Stalling

 Furling
 Yaw Mechanism
 To turn the turbine against the wind
 Yaw error and fatigue loads
 Uses electric motors and gear boxes
 Wind turbine safety
 Sensors – controlling vibrations
 Over speed protection
 Aero dynamic braking
 Mechanical braking
 Improvements
 Concentrators
Future Wind Turbines
Wind Amplified Rotor Platform
 Disc type wind turbine

o Much more efficient than

HAWT

o Requires less height

o Low noise

o Works in any wind direction

Economics
 Determining Factors

 Wind Speed

 Turbine design and construction

 Rated capacity of the turbine

 Exact Location

 Improvements in turbine design

 Capital
Wind Speed Matters

Assuming
the same
size project,
the better
the wind
resource,
the lower
the cost.
Size Matters

Assuming the
same wind
speed of 8.08
m/s, a large
wind farm is
more
economical
Overall cost distribution
Break down of capital cost
 Energy Cost Trend

1979: 40 cents/kWh

2000:
4 - 6 cents/kWh

 Increased
Turbine Size
 R&D Advances
2004:
 Manufacturing 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh
Improvements
 Typical cost statistics
 Size: 51 MW
 Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour

 Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW)

 Annual production: 150 million kW-hr

 Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents

 Payback period: 20 years

Economic Advantages
 Greater fuel diversity
 No delay in construction
 Low maintenance costs
 Reliable and durable equipment
 Additional income to land owners
 More jobs per unit energy produced
 No hidden costs
Future
Wind Capital Cost
Cost of Wind Energy
 Germany now and 2020
 At present 10%
of the country’s
energy is
supplied by wind
energy
 By 2020 it is
expected to go up
to 26%
Australia now and 2040
 So…..

 Price of wind power is coming down

 There is enormous capacity

 Energy storage, however, is still a problem

Typical Concerns
 Visual impact
 Off shore turbines
 Arrangement

 Avian concerns
 Suitable choice of site
 Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower
 Using radars
 Noise
 Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed
 Streamlining of tower and nacelle
 Acoustic insulation of nacelle
 Specially designed gear box
 Use of upwind turbines
 Reducing angle of attack
 Low tip speed ratios
 Changes in wind patterns
 Reducing turbulence
 Intermittent
 Coupling with hydro or solar energy
 TV, microwave, radar interference
 Switching from conducting material to
non-conducting and composite material
Conclusion
 Wind energy is pollution free and nature
friendly
 Wind energy has very good potential and it is
the fastest growing energy source
 The future looks bright for wind energy
because technology is becoming more
advanced and windmills are becoming more
efficient
THANK YOU
Furling