So why should some plants be called agronomic

crops,horticultural crops, cash crops or catch crops and yet

others are called pulses, oilseed crops, biofuels, fruits,
Why classify crops? vegetables, etc.? Why should these terms be properly
defined in relation to crop farming?
 For order and organization: imagine the difficulty
in finding a certain book in a disorganized library.
It would be similarly difficult to find information
about a certain organism if organisms are not
grouped based on similarities
 For logical naming: common names are not
adequate because common names vary from
country to country, even from region to region;
classification of plants led to the introduction of the
so-called binomial nomenclature by Carolus
Linnaeus in the 18th century whereby a plant is
In agriculture, plants are now called crops if they are useful and weeds if they
aregiven a two-word
not useful Latin
or if they name.
grow where they are not wanted. Those plants which
are grown for specific purposes are divided into large groups: agronomic and
horticultural crops.
Further subdivisions are made into specialized groups such as food crops,
non-food crops, cash crops,cereals, pulses, root and tuber crops, fruit crops,
vegetable crops, ornamental crops and many more.
Bases for classification

 Botanical System of Classification

 Agronomic classification
 Horticultural classification
 Special Purpose classification
 Other method of classification
Bases for classification Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
 Aristotle classified plants based on structure and size (e.g. herbs; Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
shrubs and trees) Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
 Linnaeus classified plants based on structure only. i.e. different Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
Class: Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
species with similar structural features were classified together in a
Order: Cyperales
broader group Family: Gramineae
 Modern classification of plants is based on phylogeny (i.e. the Genus: Oryza
evolution of plants) and thereof relies largely on evolutionary Species: sativa
relationships, thus modern genetics has become a very important Variety: Mestizo
tool of taxonomy; plant characters such as size, shape, color, flower
characteristics and kind of flood reserves are likewise used as bases
for modern classification of plants/crops. Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
 Botanical System of Classification
Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
 This system of classifying plants or crops utilizes 7 categories
Class: Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
(Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species) Order: Cyperales
 In many instances, an additional category (Variety or Cultivar) is Family: Poaceae (grass family)
needed Genus: Zea
 Using the botanical system of crop classification, the rice hybrid Species: mays
variety “Mestizo” can be classified as follow: Variety: P3645
Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
Class: Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Order: Cyperales
Family: Gramineae
Genus: Oryza
Species: sativa
Variety: Mestizo

Kingdom: Plantae (plants)

Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
Class: Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae (grass family)
Genus: Zea
Species: mays
Variety: P3645
Kingdom: Plantae (plants) Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants) Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants) Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant) Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
Class: Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) Class: Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
Order: Fabales Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Glycine Genus: Glycine
Species: max Species: max
Variety: VarX Variety: VarX

Kingdom: Plantae (plants) Kingdom: Plantae (plants)

Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants) Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants) Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant) Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
Class: Liliopsida (monocotyledons) Class: Dicotyledoneae (dicotyledons)
Order: Arecales Order: Rubiales
Family: Arecaceae Family: Rubiaceae
Genus: Cocos Genus: Coffea
Species: nucifera Species: arabica
Variety: Laguna Species: canephora (robusta)
 Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
Kingdom: Plantae (plants) Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants) Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants) Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant) Class: Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Class: Liliopsida (monocotyledons) Order: Zingiberales
Order: Cyperales Family: Musaceae
Family: Poaceae Genus: Musa
Genus: Saccharum Species:
Species: officinarum (1) acuminata (lakatan) (2) sapientum (latundan)
Variety: (3) balbisiana (saba) (4) textalis (abaca)

Kingdom: Plantae (plants)

Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants) Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants) Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant) Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Class: Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
Order: Malvales Class: Dicotyledoneae (dicotyledons)
Family: Malvaceae (hibiscus) Order: Euphorbia
Genus: Theobroma Family: Euphorbiaceae
Species: cacao Genus: Manihot
Variety: UF-18 Species: esculenta
Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
Sub-Kingdom: Tracheobionta (vascular plants)
Superdivision: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Division: Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)
Class: Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Musaceae
Genus: Musa
Species:
(1) acuminata (lakatan) (2) sapientum (latundan)
(3) balbisiana (saba) (4) textalis (abaca)
 Agronomic classification
 Based on the purpose for which the crop is grown
 Categories or Groups:
o Cereals, legumes, root crops, fiber crop, industrial crops,
forage and pasture, oil crop
 Horticultural classification
 Also based on the purpose for which the crop is grown
 Categories or groups:
o Vegetables –leafy, cole or crucifers, root and bulb, legume,
solanaceous, cucurbits,
o Fruit-tree, nut, small fruit
o Plantation-oil, fiber, beverage, spices, condiments and
essences, latex and resin medicinal and pesticidal
 In agriculture, a catch crop is a fast-
 Special Purpose classification growing crop that is grown between successive
 Green manure legumes -grown then plowed under to improve soil fertility plantings of a main crop.
 Silage -grown to be cut and preserved in a succulent condition for silage
 Catch crop/ Emergency crop- used to fill-in when regular crops have failed Common examples of tropical, leguminous
or when planting is for some reason delayed cover crops are pinto peanut or creeping peanut
 Cover crop- seeded on land needing protection against wind and erosion (Arachis pintoi), calopo (Calopogonium
and nutrient loss through leaching muconoides), centro (Centrosema pubescens),
 Companion crop- used to nurse new seedlings of the main crop kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides), siratro
 Trap crop – used in pest management (attract or repel) (Macroptilium atropurpureum) and stylo
(Stylosanthes guianensis).
 Other method of classification
 Based on growth habit (vine, herb, shrub or tree)
 Based on habitat (terrestrial, aquatic, epiphyte)
 Based on lifespan (annual, biennial, perennial)
 Based on the mode of reproduction (sexual, asexual)

An epiphyte is a plant that grows harmlessly upon

another plant and derives its moisture and
nutrients from the air, rain, and sometimes from
debris accumulating around it
The Plant Cell
 Plant Cell
 The anatomical regions of a plant body
The Plant Cell
 Plant Cell
 The anatomical regions of a plant body
 Plant tissues and tissue system
o Major plant tissue system
 Ground
 This packing and supportive tissue accounts
for much of the bulk of the young plants.
 It also functions in food manufacture and
storage.
 It contains three main cell types called:
o Parenchyma
o Collenchyma
o Sclerenchyma
 Derma tissue
 This is the plant’s protective outer covering in
contact with the environment.
The Plant Cell
 Plant Cell
 The anatomical regions of a plant body
 Plant tissues and tissue system
o Major plant tissue system
 Ground  It facilitates water and ion uptake in
 This packing and supportive tissue accounts roots and regulates gas exchange in
for much of the bulk of the young plants. leaves and stems.
 It also functions in food manufacture and
storage.
 It contains three main cell types called:
o Parenchyma
o Collenchyma
o Sclerenchyma
 Derma tissue
 This is the plant’s protective outer covering in
contact with the environment.
 It facilitates water and ion uptake in roots and
regulates gas exchange in leaves and stems
 Vascular tissue
 Together the phloem and xylem form a continuous vascular
system throughout the plant.
 This tissue conducts water and solutes between organs and
also provides mechanical support.
The Lakatan banana is a diploid (AA) cultivar. Its official
designation is Musa acuminata (AA Group) 'Lakatan'.
Synonyms include: Musa x paradisiaca L. ssp. sapientum
(L.) Kuntze var. lacatan Blanco.
Development
 A property of an organism from the moment of its inception
 A process characterized by growth and
differentiation/organization (morphogenesis ) into tissues,
organs, organisms
 Include three aspects:
1. Growth
a. Quantitative aspect
b. ∆ size (wt/ht)/time
c. Characterized through an S-curve or Sigmoid
curve
2. Differentiation
a. Cells become “specialized”
b. External manifestation of a biochemical change in
cells
3. Organization
a. Orientation and integration of differentiated cells
with the consequent