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2 Hydrology Basic Concepts
2 Hydrology Basic Concepts
CONCEPTS
–An introduction
N K Mathur
CONCEPT OF HYDROLOGY
and PROJECT HYDROLOGY -
AN EXPOSURE
Module -1 : Introduction
CONCEPT OF HYDROLOGY - AN
EXPOSURE
Module 1 : INTRODUCTION
Target Audience :
- Probationary Officers of CWC on Induction
Training:
Onbjective:
- Brush up their text book exposure in
Undergraduate level
- Expose them to Hydrological terminology and
practices in CWC
Hydrological Cycle
The most common
mathematical representation
of Hydrological cycle in
mathematical terms
Q= P - G - ET - S
Where:
P = Precipitation
Q = Stream discharge
G = Groundwater
Discharge
ET = Evapo-transpiration
S = Change in Storage
EVAPORATION AND EVAPO-
TRANSPIRATION (E and ET)
the process in which a liquid changes into
gaseous state from free surface, below
boiling point
surface such as ocean, rivers, lakes and land
surface
the water which evaporates from vegetation
(mostly leaves of plants through pores)
two put together known as evapo-
transpiration
FACTORS AFFECTING
EVAPORATION
Temperature : increase
Wind : increase
Atmospheric pressure : decrease
Soluble salts : decrease
Heat storage in water bodies (deep lakes) :
decrease in summer but increase in winter
(No change on annual values)
FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPO-
TRANSPIRATION
type of vegetation,
moisture available to the plants
potential evapo-transpiration: If sufficient
moisture is always available to meet the
needs vegetation fully covering the area,
actual evapo-transpiration occurring in
different conditions can be expressed as
some percentage of this PET
FACTORS AFFECTING
INFILTRATION
Characteristics of soil
Characteristics of surface
Fluid characteristics
FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF
Precipitation characteristics
Types of storm, duration, intensity, extent
Snowfed v/s rainfed
Shape and size of catchment
Large size catchments-less likely to have uniform rainfall
over the catchment
Smaller catchments -expected to experience greater
intensity of rainfall
Elongated catchments are less likely to have coinciding
peaks of its branches in the main stream v/s fan shaped
catchments are likely to have matching leg times
Topography Smooth surface and steeper slopes v/svegetation
increases the retention
Storage characteristics Natural and artificial storages in the
basin moderates runoff
Base Documents
Guidelines for preparation of Detailed Project Report of
Irrigation and Multipurpose Projects by Working Group of the
then Ministry of Irrigation (CWC)
(read with Guidelines for Submission, Appraisal and
Clearance of Irrigation and Multipurpose Projects (CWC) )
Guidelines for formulation of detailed project reports for hydro
electric schemes, their acceptance and examination for
concurrence (CEA-2007)
Related Technical Documents
Guidelines for preparation of project estimates for major irrigation and multipurpose
project” issued by CWC
Guidelines for “Investigation of major irrigation and hydro-electric projects” issued by
CWC
Manual on estimation of Design flood (CWC)
CBIP – Technical Report No.19 “Life of Reservoir (1977) CBIP 89
IS 4890 : Method for measurement of suspended sediment in open rivers
IS 4186 : Guide for preparation of project report for river valley projects.
IS 4877 : Guide for preparation of Estimate for River Valley Projects
IS 5477 : Methods for fixing the capacities of reservoirs.
(Part 1-4)
IS 7323 : Method for determining evaporation from reservoirs.
IS 7323 : Guidelines for operation of reservoirs.
IS 13028 : Guidelines for overall planning of river basin.
HYDROLOGICAL INPUTS (for Type of
Projects)
Storage
Diversion without Pondage
Diversion with Pondage
Within Year storage
Over the Year storage
Purpose
Irrigation
Hydropower
Water Supply and Industrial
Flood Control
Others (Navigation, Salinity Control, WQ Control, Draingae,
Recharge etc)
HYDROLOGICAL INPUTS
For Simulation Studies
Water Availability Studies (Inflow series)
Lake evaporation
PET and RF
Sediment Inflows and NZE Revised AC
Water Quality
Low Flow, Ground water recharge etc
HYDROLOGICAL INPUTS
Design Flood Studies and levels for
Safety of Structure
Flood Control works
Drainage works
Diversion works
Locating structures and outlets in vicinity of
river bank/ reservoir
Tail water rating curve
Hydrological Studies
Water Resources Assessment
Design flood for structural safety and
Diversion during construction
Sediment load in the stream and life of
reservoir
DATA REQUIREMENT
Intermediate 10 to 60 12 to 30 SPF
Formulae Approach.
Empirical
Envelop curves
Statistical approach, commonly known as
Flood Frequency Approach.
Hydrometeorological approach, commonly
known as the Unit Hydrograph Approach
DESIGN FLOOD - METHODS
Envelop curves - Principle
maximum floods per unit area experienced in one basin is quite
likely to be experienced in nearby basin in the same region having
same climatological and physiographic characteristics
PMFs estimated by Central Water Commission (and other
organisations) between 1980-91 utilised for developing envelope
curves for PMF peaks.
equation:
Upper envelopes Qu = 1585 A0.35
Average line, Qav = 398 A0.425
Lower envelope, QL = 100 A0.5
DESIGN FLOOD - METHODS
Statistical Methods:
combination of numerous factors producing floods are matter of
pure chance and therefore are subject to analysis according
to the theory of probability.
Applied on discharge data either directly observed at the site of
study or estimated by the suitable method
Annual peak flood series –excludes all second and third and
so on rankings in the year
Partial duration - all events above a certain threshold and
INDEPENDENT are included in the analysis
DESIGN FLOOD - METHODS
Statistical Methods:
Hydrometeorolgical approach
Conceptual analysis of causative factors –
rainfalls, evaporations, infiltrations, basin
storages (natural and artificial), surface
drainage properties, sub surface drainage
properties, vegetation , land use etc etc
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL APPROACH
Mathematically it has two
broad components: