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HUMAN CULTURAL AND

SOCIAL EVOLUTION
Evolution is also present in the development of human culture.

HOW CULTURE EVOLVED?

• Lower or Early Paleolithic
• Middle Paleolithic
• Upper or late Paleolithic
• Infamous mammoths were beginning to disappear
• Larger animals hunted by humans were beginning to extinct
• Humans began to explore domesticating food and doing agriculture

THE HOLOCENE PERIOD STARTED WHEN THE ICE AND

TUNDRA BEGAN TO MELT AND THE BEGINNING OF
CLIMATE THAT WE HAVE TODAY
• People began exploring other alternative food sources
• More species of animal and plant life were used as food source
• People began exploring the water systems for fishes, shellfish and
other aquatic animals and plants for food
• People learned agriculture
• Food production began
1. Oases Theory – Devised by V. Gordon Childe(1936,1952). He believed that
agriculture started from sub-tropical climates in Middle East.
2. Nuclear Zone Hypothesis – Robert Braidwood (1958,1971,1975) devised the
theory and claimed that there were no climatic shifts at the end of the
Pleistocene.
3. Binford’s Criticisms – Binford criticized the idea od Braidwood. He contented
that human nature was not enough to force ancient people to changer
their lifestyle and turn to agriculture.
4. Sauer Model – Carl Sauer (1952) claimed that agriculture started in South East
Asia and spread throughout the other parts of the world.
THEORIES
1. Carrying Capacity Theory- A particular environment can only host a
considerable number of individuals. Ester Boserup (1981) was one of the
proponents in this way of thinking.
2. Systematic Interaction Model – Lewis Binford proposed another model. He
pointed the relationship between existing environmental factors and population
growth
• Devised by Kent Flannery
• A truly electric theory was born
• Two types of primitive agricultural techniques
 Seed-crop Cultivation
 Vegeculture
THE FIRST FARMERS AND
HERDERS
The people of Middle East started a lifestyle based on farming and herding.

FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL LOCATIONS:

1. High Plateau
2. Hilly Flanks
3. Treeless plain (piedmont steep)
4. Alluvial dessert
NEOLITHIC CULTURE IN AFRICA
Nabta Playa
African Cattle Complex began

NEOLITHIC CULTURE IN EUROPE

AND ASIA
People started to shift from foraging culture to agriculture.
FARMING IN AMERICA
Early American Indians in the north hunted animals
Paleoindians adapted to American environment and started to
domesticate food

CULTURE IN THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD

Development of the domestication of food
Developed a kind of technology, suitable to a sedentary living
Began using tools such as wood, fiber and metal
Innovation which is the use of pottery
People earned how to store and process their food
They have clothes made of plant materials and wools
How did the State Originate?
STATE is a form of social and political organization that has formal,
central government and division of society. The state was formed because
societal life can no longer be contained in small communities and villages.

 Chiefdoms
 Bereaucracy
 Civilization
1. Settlement in cities
2. Full-time specialization of labor
3. Concentration of surpluses
4. Class structure
5. State organization
SECONDARY
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Monumental Public Works
2. Long-distance trade
3. Standardize monumental work
4. Writing
5. Arithmetic, geometry and astronomy
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
STATE
 Vast Geographical Territory
 Complex Economic Management
 Taxation
 Social Stratification
 Architectural Designs
 Historical Records
EXAMPLES OF EARLY STATES
 States in the Middle East
 African States
 Mycenea
 Zhengzhou
 Mesoamerica
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN
OF CIVILIZATION
 Urban Revolution
 The Prime Mover Theory
 Multiple-Cause Theories
 Flannery’s Process, Complexity and Social Control
 Conflict and Warfare Theory
THE DECLINE OF THE STATE
FOUR FACTORS THAT NEEDED TO CONSIDER THE FALL OF
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION:
1. Human societies are problem solving organizations
2. Sociopolitical systems require energy for their maintenance
3. Increased complexity carriers with it increased cost per capita
4. Investment in socio-political complexity as a problem-solving response
often reaches a point of declining marginal returns
THE CONCEPT OF STATE
TODAY
STATE
State today is somehow similar to the ancient state.
FOUR ELEMENTS OF A STATE
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

PEOPLE
The inhabitants or population of the state.
TERRITORY
Definite portion of the Earth where people resides and capable of sustaining survival.
 GOVERNMENT
The institution inside the state that provide policies and governs the entirety of state.

GENERIC FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT:

a) It serves as the agent of the state

b) It is the body that provides for rules and policies through which the
affairs of the state are governed
c) It embodies the will of the people
d) It represents the state in diplomatic intercourse

SOVEREIGNTY
Independence or freedom from outside control conduct of the domestic and foreign
affairs of the state.
 THE MODERN SOCIETY

 Strict bureaucratic division and food surpluses

 Technology and Culture

 
GLOBALIZATION OF
CULTURAL TRENDS