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Chap14 Sec2
Chap14 Sec2
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
14.2
Limits and Continuity
x y
2 2
lim does not exist.
( x , y ) (0,0) x 2 y 2
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
In general, we use the notation
lim f ( x, y) L
( x , y )( a ,b )
to indicate that:
We write
lim f ( x, y) L
( x , y )( a ,b )
if:
if ( x, y ) D and 0 ( x a) ( y b)
2 2
then | f ( x, y ) L |
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
Other notations for the limit in Definition 1
are:
lim f ( x, y ) L
x a
y b
f ( x, y ) L as ( x, y ) (a, b)
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
Notice that:
The corresponding
part of S lies between
the horizontal planes
z = L – ε and
z = L + ε.
SINGLE VARIABLE FUNCTIONS
If
f(x, y) → L1 as (x, y) → (a, b) along a path C1
and
f(x, y) → L2 as (x, y) → (a, b) along a path C2,
where L1 ≠ L2,
then
lim f ( x, y)
( x , y )( a ,b )
Show that x y
2 2
lim
( x , y ) (0,0) x 2 y 2
This confirms
the conjecture we
made on the basis
of numerical evidence
at the beginning
of the section.
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Example 2
If xy
f ( x, y) 2
x y 2
does
lim f ( x, y)
( x , y )(0,0)
exist?
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Example 2
Therefore,
So,
For all x ≠ 0,
x2 1
f ( x, x) 2
x x 2
2
Therefore,
f ( x, y) 12 as ( x, y) (0,0) along y x
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Example 2
If xy 2
f ( x, y) 2
x y 4
does
lim f ( x, y)
( x , y )(0,0)
exist?
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Example 3
m2 x3
2
x m x 4 4
m2 x
1 m x
4 2
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Example 3
Therefore,
For instance,
lim yb
( x , y ) ( a ,b )
lim cc
( x , y ) ( a ,b )
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Equations 2
Find 2
3x y
lim
( x , y ) (0,0) x 2 y 2
if it exists.
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Example 4
Let ε > 0.
We want to find δ > 0 such that
2
3x y
if 0 x y then 2
2 2
0
x y 2
2
3x | y |
that is, if 0 x y then 2
2 2
x y 2
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Example 4
However,
x2 ≤ x2 = y2 since y2 ≥ 0
Thus,
x2/(x2 + y2) ≤ 1
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION E. g. 4—Equation 3
Therefore,
2
3x | y |
3| y | 3 y 3 x y
2 2 2
x y
2 2
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Example 4
then
3x 2 y
0 3 x y 3 3
2 2
x y
2 2
3
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Example 4
Hence, by Definition 1,
2
3x y
lim 0
( x , y )(0,0) x 2 y 2
CONTINUITY OF SINGLE VARIABLE FUNCTIONS
lim f ( x, y) f (a, b)
( x , y )( a ,b )
We say f is continuous on D if f is
continuous at every point (a, b) in D.
CONTINUITY
c is a constant.
m and n are nonnegative integers.
RATIONAL FUNCTION
A rational function is
a ratio of polynomials.
RATIONAL FUNCTION VS. POLYNOMIAL
f ( x, y) x 5x y 6 xy 7 y 6
4 3 2 4
is a polynomial.
2 xy 1
g ( x, y ) 2
x y 2
is a rational function.
CONTINUITY
are continuous.
CONTINUOUS POLYNOMIALS
Evaluate
lim ( x y x y 3x 2 y )
2 3 3 2
( x , y ) (1,2)
f ( x, y) x y x y 3x 2 y is a polynomial.
2 3 3 2
lim ( x y x y 3x 2 y )
2 3 3 2
( x , y ) (1,2)
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 2
2 3 3 2
11
CONTINUITY Example 6
continuous?
CONTINUITY Example 6
Let x y
2 2
2 if ( x, y) (0, 0)
g ( x, y) x y 2
0 if ( x, y) (0, 0)
Let
3x y
2
2 if ( x, y) (0, 0)
f ( x, y) x y 2
0 if ( x, y) (0, 0)
CONTINUITY Example 8
0 f (0, 0)
CONTINUITY Example 8
The notation
lim f ( x, y, z) L
( x , y , z )( a ,b,c )
means that:
( x a ) ( y b) ( z c )
2 2 2
then
|f(x, y, z) – L| < ε
MULTIPLE VARIABLE FUNCTIONS
lim f ( x, y, z) f (a, b, c)
( x , y , z )( a ,b,c )
MULTIPLE VARIABLE FUNCTIONS
if x D and 0 | x a |
then | f (x) L |
MULTIPLE VARIABLE FUNCTIONS
If n = 1, then
x=x and a=a
If n = 2, we have
x = <x, y>
a = <a, b>
| x a | ( x a ) ( y b)
2 2
If n = 3, then
x = <x, y, z> and a = <a, b, c>