RTU Training ILSAS1

KURSUS KOMPETENSI
TELEKONROL
Versi 1-05
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
Pengenalan
• Memenuhi salah satu syarat sijil kompetensi
telekontrol
• Mengulangkaji/Memperkukuhkan
pengetahuan dan kemahiran yg perlu utk
menyelia dan menjalankan kerja-kerja
telekontrol di pencawang
Objektif
• Di akhir kursus, peserta akan boleh: -
– Mengenali semua peralatan telekontrol di
pencawang dan alat-alat ujian telekontrol
– Menjalankan pemasangan dan mulatugas alat
telekontrol dan SCS untuk pencawang baru dan
tambahan
– Menjalankan penyelenggaraan alat telekontrol
dan SCS di pencawang
– Menjalankan kerja-kerja baikpulih ke atas alat
telekontrol dan SCS
Penilaian
• Salah satu syarat sijil kompetensi Telekontrol
• Kategori Penilaian
– Quiz untuk setiap topik
– Workshop
– Ujian Akhir Kursus
• Kelayakan
– Prestasi memuaskan untuk setiap kategori
penilaian (minima 60%)
Peringatan
• Ulangkaji
• Skop luas – banyak topik.
• Masa singkat – perbincangan yang mendalam
mengenai topik-topik simpangan mungkin
tidak dapat dijalankan
• May extend lecture hours. All topics must be
covered.
Program Latihan
Hari Pertama
Sessi Aturcara Pensyarah
08:30-09:00 Penerangan Kursus Firdaus
09:00-10:30 Ulangkaji Asas SCADA dan Kaedah Perantaraan SCADA Firdaus
10:30-10:45 Minum Pagi
10:45-13:00 Rekabentuk RTU & Spesifikasi RTU (TNB) Firdaus
13:00-14:00 Makan Tengahari
14:00-15:00 Foxboro C50 RTU Zuraini
15:00-16:30 Foxboro C50 RTU Zuraini
16:30-17:00 Tool & Test equipment Zuraini
Program Latihan
Hari Kedua
08:30-09:00 RTU – Xcell, PDSB, Talus, Azrai
09:00-10:30 RTU - RTU560, DF1331 Azrai
10:45-13:00 RTU Installation & RTU Test Plan Azrai

Azrai
14:00-15:00 RTU Maintenance Policy
Azrai
15:00-16:30 QUIZ FMEA
Azrai
16:30-17:00 RTU Document
Program Latihan
Hari Ketiga
08:30-09:00 Substation Control System Osman
09:00-10:30 Substation Control System Osman

Substation Control System
10:45-13:00 Osman

Osman
14:00-15:00 Substation Control System
Substation Control System Osman
15:00-16:30
Substation Control System Osman
16:30-17:00
Program Latihan
Hari Keempat
08:30-09:00 Substation Control System Prem Raj
09:00-10:30 Substation Control System Prem Raj

Substation Control System
10:45-13:00 Prem Raj

Prem Raj
14:00-15:00 Substation Control System
Substation Control System Prem Raj
15:00-16:30
Substation Control System Prem Raj
16:30-17:00
Program Latihan
Hari Kelima
08:30-09:00 Communication Overview Firdaus
09:00-10:30 Communication Firdaus
10:45-13:00 Wisp+ Protocol Firdaus
14:00-15:00 Competency Exam
15:00-16:30 Discussion
16:30-17:00 Q&A
ASAS SCADA & KAEDAH
PERANTARAAN TELEKONROL
Session Overview
• Very brief overview of SCADA
• Outstation = Substation
• Different types of substation (from telecontrol point of view)
• Monitoring and Control
– Signal Types
– How they are derived
– Signal List
• What
• Common
Data RTU
Servers
Communications
System
Printer RTU
Operator's Workstation Operator's Workstation
RTU
Communications
Master Station System Outstation
TYPES OF OUTSTATIONS
• Two Main Types:-
– Substations Equipped with RTUs
• Typically referred to as Conventional Substations
– Substations Equipped with Substation Control
Systems
• Typically referred to as SCS substations
• Interfacing for both fundamentally the same
Sistem Kawalan & Pemantauan Pencawang
Penghantaran
Network Control Centre
Tahap Rangkaian Remote Supervisory

Terminal Unit Interface
Gateway
Network Level (RTU) Panel
Tahap Pencawang Human Machine Station Level

Station Level Interface (HMI) Controller
Tahap Litar Control Protection Remote Tapchanger Bay Control Unit

Panel Relay Panel Control Panel (BCU)
Bay Level Back-up Control

Panel
Tahap Perkakas Circuit Isolator CT Transformer Battery

Breaker Charger
Equipment Level Busbar VT OLTC
PLANT
• What’s the plant?
– Circuit breakers, relays, transformers etc
• What role does the Plant play?
– Source of Information
– Target for control
SCADA Interfacing Facilities
• Facilities such as SCADA Interface panels,
transducers, interposing relays, voltage-free
contacts, cables etc provides an interface
between plant and the RTU
Kriteria Pemantauan & Kawalan
• Maklumat dan data yang diperolehi oleh sistem
SCADA perlu: -
– Mencukupi (Sufficient/Adequate)
– Tepat (Accurate)
– Berdaya harap (Reliable)
– Cepat (Timely)
• Sistem SCADA mesti menghantar arahan kawalan
yang:-
– Selamat/Terjaga (Secure)
– Berdaya harap/Boleh dipercayai (Reliable)
– Cepat (Timely)
Standard Signal List
• Under development
• Proses
– 2 pasukan kerja – Primary equip (En. Rozemi)
Secondary (Dr Halim)
– Identify signals required – Trip, Urgent, Non-
urgent
– Prepare specifications to derive signals
• Review S/S Specs
• Prepare Telecontrol Signal List
• TTC/TWC approvals
Substations
• AIS, GIS
• Voltage levels – 500&275kV, 132kV
• Circuit breaker types
– Operating Mechanism:- Hydraulic, Pneuematic,
Spring
– Arc Quenching – SF6
• Circuit – tx bay, overhead line, etc
Information Flow
SCADA Monitoring Direction
• indication & alarms

Master • analog measured value Outstation
Station • digital measured value (RTU/SCS)
• pulse counter value
WHAT DO WE MONITOR?
• Status and Alarms

• Sequence Of Events
• Counters/Pulse Accumulators
• Binary Coded Decimals
• Analog Inputs
Status And Alarms
• Monitored by the RTU by using voltage-free
contacts from the plant equipment.
– Voltage-free contacts from the circuit breaker
auxiliary contacts, for example, are used to
indicate the open or close status of the circuit
breaker.
– Voltage-free contacts from a protection relay are
used to indicate that the relay has operated.
These inputs to the RTU are referred to as Digital
Inputs (DI).
Types Of Contacts
Types of Contacts :-
Form A - Normally open contact
Form B - Normally close contact
Form C - Changeover contact
Single Bit Indication
• For alarms such as protection relay operation, single-bit indication
is used.
• Single-bit indication uses the state of a single voltage-free contact,
typically the normally-open contact, to denote the alarm state such
as the operation of a protection relay.
• These voltage-free, normally open contacts will remain in the
closed or make state as long as the alarm condition persists.
• When the alarm condition is no longer present, the contacts will
return to the normal open state.
• Contacts from alarm annunciators that latch in the event of an
alarm and remains latched until a manual reset (typically by an
operator) cannot be used for SCADA monitoring purposes.
Single Bit Indications
Digital Inputs - Single Bit Indication
0 or 1 = Open or Close
Voltage Free Contacts

ON 1
OFF 0
SI
0 1 0
OFF ON OFF
E.g.:-
•Alarm - Overcurrent, E/Fault, etc
•Switches - Remote/Supervisory, Auto/Manual
Double Bit Indications
• Status of Critical Devices

– To indicate the status of critical plant devices such as
circuit breakers and isolators, double-bit indication is used.
– For double-bit indication, two contacts, typically Form C
contacts, are used to denote the state of the device.
– The double-bit indication is normally used for critical plant
parameters such that a fault in one of the contacts will not
result in a false interpretation of the device status.
– All CB and isolator Open/Close status shall use double-bit
indication.
Double Bit Indication
CT
0 0 = Travel
Double bit Indication 0 1 = Open
1 0 = Close
1 1 = Invalid
T Close 1
C
(52a) 0
Open 1
(52b) 0
DI
10 00 01 11
Closed Open
Travel Invalid
• Circuit Breaker Status – Double Bit Indication
CB Auxiliary Contacts Double Bit

CB Status
52a (no) 52b (nc) Bit 1 Bit 0
CB Travel Open Open 0 0
CB Open Open Make 0 1
CB Close Make Open 1 0
Invalid State Make Make 1 1
• Circuit Breaker Status – Double Bit Indication
The Protection & Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition
(PTT/P/EP/-PCCOP02) requires that for voltage level of 275kV and
above, individual circuit breaker pole status shall be monitored. The
auxiliary voltage-free contacts of each individual circuit breaker
pole shall be individually wired to the SCADA Interface panel. To
monitor the status of such circuit breakers, the RTU will be
connected to the contacts in series such that the failure of any pole
to open or close will result in an indication that the circuit breaker
has failed to open or close. The series connection of these contacts
will be carried out in the SCADA Interface panel.
• Monitor Trip for each Pole
Sequence of Events (SOE)
• Changes of state of devices and alarms can be time-
tagged by the RTU.
• Time-tagged digital inputs referred to as SOE points
• Allows the determination of the order of occurrence
(sequence) of the events,
– Allow the Operator to be able to distinguish the sequence
between events, i.e. which event happened first, second,
etc.
• Additionally, a time-tagged event also provides an
indication of when they occur
Sequence of Events (SOE)
To enable the Operator to analyse the sequence of
events within the System, certain rules must be
established and adhered to.
In TNB, the following SOE criteria have been
established:-
•The Operator must be able to distinguish the sequence of two
events if they occur at least 5 milliseconds apart, if both events
occur in the same substation
•The Operator must be able to distinguish the sequence of two
separate events from two separate substations if they occur at
least 10 milliseconds apart.
OUTSTATION – SOE
• Plant Interfacing Aspects for SOE inputs
– Derived from voltage free contacts
– SOE inputs must be taken directly from the contacts of the
initiating device and not derived from auxiliary relays.
• To ensure accurate time tagging to allow the correct discrimination
of sequence,
• Inputs derived from auxiliary relays incur a delay that results in
inaccurate time tagging. (Relay pickup delay)
– Typically, the status of all primary switching devices such
as CBs, isolators, and critical alarms are assigned as SOE
points.
Counters/Pulse Accumulators
• Counter inputs are similar to digital inputs and are derived
from voltage-free plant contacts.
• Counter inputs are typically used to count number of circuit
breaker operations or for energy (kWh) monitoring by
counting pulses from an energy meter that is suitably
equipped.
• Counter inputs can either be from a single contact or from a
pair of contacts.
• A counter input that is made up of two contacts is termed as
Form C and requires that both contacts changes state for the
counter to be incremented by one. An example of this
application is using the CB Close auxiliary contact and the
Master Trip relay contact to count the number of times the
breaker trip on fault.
Counters/Pulse Accumulators
Types
Form A :- Half cycle: 0 -> 1 & 1 -> 0
Full cycle: only 0 -> 1
Form B :- Half cycle: 1 -> 0 & 0 -> 1

Full cycle: only 1 -> 0
Form C :- Half cycle: 01 - 10 & 10 - 01

Full cycle: only 01 - 10
BCD Inputs
• Binary Coded Decimals
– A combination of voltage-free contacts can be grouped
together to represent an integer value expressed as Binary
Coded Decimal format.
– BCDs are normally expressed as decades.
– Four contacts form a digit which can represent 0 to 9.
– A two-digit BCD is also termed as a two decade input and
can represent from 0 to 99.
– The BCD input is most commonly used to represent
transformer tap position.
BCD Inputs
BCD - Binary Coded Decimal input may be derived from a
number of consecutive digital indication
1 1 digit 8 4 2 1 Decimal
BCD 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
2 0 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 1 3
0..9
0 1 0 0 4
4 0 1 0 1 5
0 1 1 0 6
0 1 1 1 7
8 0 0 0 8
1
1 0 0 1 9
Analogue Inputs
– As opposed to discrete values or states as in digital inputs,
analog inputs represent continuously measured
parameters or values. Examples are MW, MVAr
– These parameters are typically measured using
transducers that are connected to the plant’s current
transformers and voltage transformers.
– These transducers convert the plant inputs to a scaled 4 to
20mA dc output which will in turn be fed into the RTU.
– RTU will convert the 4 to 20mA dc input into a scaled
digital value for transmission to the control center.
Analogue Inputs
Interface to transducer
4 TO 20 MA TRANSDUCER
0 TO 10 V
Plant CT
RTU
Interface VT
Plant equipment
Transducers
– Convert the primary values of the measured quantity into
electrical quantities which can be accepted by the RTU, i.e.
scales the measured value down
– Allows standardisation of the input type into the RTU, i.e
different measurements eg MW, MVAr, Amps, Voltage,
Temperature etc, converts to one common standard
electrical quantity eg. 4-20mA dc or 0-10Vdc.
– Allows for some measure of isolation from the plant.
– Typically installed in control panels
Transducers – General Configuration
+

-

TRANSDUCERS – General Configuration
Standards: IEC 688
Transducer Auxilliary Supply
– Used to power the transducer
– Must be dependable source
– TNB’s standard is from station dc supply
• 110Vdc
• 30Vdc
Transducer Inputs
– Dependant on measured quantity, i.e. current
input for amperes, voltage input for voltage
measurement etc
– Two types of input:-
• Unidirectional – Eg. 0-15kV, 0-1000MW
• Bidirectional – Eg. -1000-0-1000MW
– Input range must cover full operating range
• Eg: To measure 11kV voltage via 11000/110 VT, the
input range must be at least 130 Vac to measure
maximum of 13kV. If input range is 110Vac only,
transducer output will exceed range or over-range
MW, MVAR, Current Transducers
Output
4-20mA
IY in IY out
Current-TDR o/p
+ -
110 DC Supply
1 +
C
8 -
R Y B 9
10
CURRENT
To RTU
Current
1 +
OUTPUT
Mvar
+ + 4-12-20mA
IR in IR out IB in IB out IR in IRout IB in IB out
110 DC Supply
8 -
MW-TDR o/p MVAR-TDR o/p
10 9
- VR VY VB - VR VY VB
To RTU
MVar
1
+
9 MW
OUTPUT 4-12-20mA -
5
10
To RTU
MW
vdg
R Y B
VOLTAGE MW , Mvar & Current TRANDUCER WIRING

DIAGRAM
Voltage Transducers
+
1
+ V
8
110dc Supply
o/p 10 9
-
- VR VB
i/p
To RTU
Voltage
R Y B
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE TRANDUCER WIRING DIAGRAM
Transducer Output
– The measured quantity is converted to a suitably
scaled output
– Output of transducer is input into the RTU’s
analog input module
– Types of outputs:-
• Unidirectional Output eg 0-1mA, 0-20mA
• Reversible Output eg +/- 20mA
• Live Zero Output eg 4-20mA
– Output can be either voltage or current
– TNB’s standard: 4-20mA DC.
• Facilitate detection of faulty transducers
Transducers
Transducer
Output
Output
100% (mA)
20
50%
Input
0 50% 100%
• Unidirectional Input
• Unidirectional Output
Transducers
Output
100%
50%
Input
0 100%
-100%
• Reversible Input
• Unidirectional
Output
Transducers
• Bidirectional Input
Output
100%
• Reversible Output
50%
-100% -50% 0 Input

+50% 100%
-50%
-100%
Transducers
Output
100%
50%
• Reversible Output
0 Input
+50% 100%
-100%
Offset (Live) Zero Transducer
Output
Offset (Live) Zero Transducer:
20mA
A transducer which gives a
predetermined output other than 20
zero when the measured quantity
is zero
4mA
Input
• Unidirectional Input 0 100%
• Offset Zero or Live Zero

Output
• Facilitates fault detection
Offset (Live) Zero Transducer
Output
Offset (Live) Zero
20mA
Transducer:
A transducer which
gives a predetermined 12mA
output other than zero
when the measured
4mA
quantity is zero
Input
0 100%
-100%
• Reversible Input
• Offset Zero or Live Zero Output
• Example: 4-12-20mA  -600–0–600 MW
Suppressed Zero Transducer
Output
Suppressed Zero
20mA
Transducer:
A transducer whose
output is zero or a
constant given value
when the measured 4mA
quantity is less than a
Input
certain value 0 70% 100%
• Example: 0-4-20mA  0-231-320kV
• Increased resolution over the range that matters
Dual Slope Transducer
Output
Dual Slope
20mA
Transducer:
A transducer with dual
resolution for two
measured quantity 8mA
ranges 4mA
Can be expanded at
Input
end of scale or 0 70% 100%
beginning of scale
• Example: 4-8-20mA  0-231-320kV
• Graph shows expanded end of scale
Output
20mA
16mA
4mA
Input
30% 100%
0
• Example: 4-8-20mA  0-300-1000MW
• Graph shows expanded beginning of scale
Transducer Accuracy
• Accuracy of Readings always expressed as a
percentage of full scale deflection (fsd), i.e. the
total measuring range (span)
• IEC 688-1 Transducer Accuracy classes
±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.5 ±1.5 ±2.5

Limits of Error ±1%
% % % % %
Class Index 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2.5
Transducer Accuracy
• Example 1
– Meter has accuracy of +/- 1% fsd. Measuring
range is 100Amps. Therefore error is +/- 1 Amp.
Therefore when the meter is reading 50 amps, the
actual value can be between 49 to 51 amps.
Similarly when meter reads 5 amps, the actual
value is from 4 to 6 amps.
Transducer Accuracy
• Accuracy of readings
– Combination of the various measurement components
– Overall accuracy:-
• Source Accuracy eg accuracy of CTs, VTs. Typically Class
1, i.e. 1%
• Accuracy of the transducer (typically Class 0.5 or 0.2)
• Accuracy of the analog input module in the RTU (0.1%)
• Accuracy of conversion at the Control Center
– Accuracy always quoted with temperature reference, i.e.
calibrated at. Typically 20°C. TNB = 32°C.
Scaling & Conversion
• Plant -> Transducer-> RTU -> Master Station
• Plant: CTs and VTs convert primary to secondary, eg:-
– 800/5 CT converts 800A to 5A
– 11000/110 VT converts 11kV to 110Vac
• Transducer converts the secondary values into a standard
value, i.e DC milliamps
• RTU converts the output of transducer into a digitized value
– Value depends on the A/D converter chip,i.e. number of bits the A/D
chip converts the analog value to.
– Digital value referred to as Counts
• To get Scaling, must find out what engineering values
corresponds to 0 counts and the maximum counts. In some
systems expressed as a factor, in others expressed as two sets
of points
A/D Conversion
• Some Basics First – Bits and Bytes
– If you have n number of bits, you can count from 0 to 2n-1.
Eg. With 3 bits, you can count from 0 to 7.
• An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is a integrated
processor (chip) that converts an analog input to a
digital value or representation of that value.
• TNB’s RTU Specifications requires the ADC to have a
minimum of 12 bits plus sign, i.e. converts from -
4096 to +4095, -214 to +214-1
Bit n Bit n-1 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1
2n-1 2n-2 23 22 21 20
Some Basics
A REMINDER:
For a star-connected system,
line voltage = 1.73 X phase voltage
line current = phase current
For mesh-connected system with balanced load,

line voltage = phase voltage
line current = 1.73 X phase current
For star- or mesh-connected system with balanced load,

Total power = 1.73 X line current X line voltage X power factor
(W= 3 V A Cos Ø)
Example 1: Current Transducer Current Transducer
i/p: 0-5A
o/p: 4-20mA dc A
Raw 0 4095
Count
Eng 0 400A D C B
Scale
RTU
12 bit plus sign CTR 400/5
-4096 to 4095 reversible input
0-4095 unidirectional input
Scaling factor = 400 Amps Plant Transducer Transducer RTU

(A) Input (B) Output (C) Counts (D)
4095 Counts
0A 0A 4mA 0
= 0.09765625 A/count
200A 2.5A 12mA 2047
400A 5A 20mA 4095
Example 2: Power Transducer
A
CTR 1600/1
D C B VTR 132000/110
RTU
MW Transducer
12 bit plus sign
i/p: 0-1A, 0-126V
-4096 to 4095 reversible input
o/p: 4-20mA dc
0-4095 unidirectional input
Maximum Power Range = 3 x VTR x Max Volt Input x CTR x Max Current Input x Max Cos Ø
= 1.73 x 132000 x 126 x 1600 x 1 x 1 (Cos Ø = 1)
110 1
Plant Xdcer i/p Xdcr RTU

Amps Volt Cos Ø MW Amp Volt Output Counts
0A 0kV 0 0 0 0 4 mA 0
1600A 132kV 1 365.81 1 110 17.97mA 3576
1600A 151.2kV 1 419.02 1 126 20 mA 4095
Command Flow
SCADA Control Direction
Output Commands
Master •CB Trip/Close Control Outstation
Station •Analog Setpoint Control (RTU/SCS)
•Digital Setpoint Control
Supervisory Control
The Protection & Control Code of Practice specifies that,
from the Network Level (Control Center), it shall be
possible to:-
– Control all switchgears with the exception of earthing switches.
This includes circuit breakers and isolators.
– Set reference values for
• Automatic Voltage Controller (AVC)
• Generator Controller MW set-point
• Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
• Capacitor and reactor controller
– Raise and Lower tap changer position
– Override the AVC when the tapchanger is in automatic mode
– Reset lockout relays
Supervisory Control
• All supervisory control actions are enabled only
when the Supervisory/Remote switch for the device
is in the Supervisory position and disabled when it is
in the Remote position.
• S/R switch is required for safety purpose; to prevent
Control Center from operating the device when there
is work at site
• The supervisory control scheme shall adhere to the
interlocking system for safe operation of the device.
Control Procedures
• 132kV CBs
– Caters for synchronizing-LLLB,DLLB,LLDB,DLDB
– Control sends close command and control scheme takes
care of all checks
• RTCP
– NLDC sends Override Select command which will defeat
AVR (AUTO), Indication brought back as Supervisory
Override ON
– NLDC sends Raise or Lower
– NLDC sends Override Cancel command
– Parallel scheme only Master can be controlled
Supervisory Control
There are two basic ways Supervisory Control can be
accomplished:-
– By initiating a contact closure
• (Digital Output)
– Double Point Control -Trip/Close ***
– Single Point Control
– Raise/Lower (Pulse Duration)
– Jog Point (Number of Pulses) – Operator Control
– Pulse Train – Program control
– Digital Setpoint – binary pattern
– By sending an analogue value
• (Analog Output)
Supervisory Control – Digital Output
Supervisory control of circuit breakers, switches and equipment
that have discrete states such as ON, OFF, OPEN, CLOSED, etc, is
achieved by contact closure.
 Control Center sends a command to the RTU,
 RTU energizes an intermediate relay, referred to as the
Heavy Duty Interposing Relay (HDIR).
 The contacts of the HDIR then make to complete the
control circuit of the plant equipment.
Heavy Duty Interposing Relays (HDIRs)
• HDIRs increases the RTU’s control output switching
capacity
• Provides some isolation between RTU and plant
• Cretes a link between between differing voltage
levels
– Eg RTU 48Vdc, Plant 110Vdc
• HDIRs typically installed in SCADA Interface Panels
• In TNB, there are 110Vdc HDIRs as well as 48Vdc
HDIRs
• There are two ways which HDIRs can be wired
HDIR Energization – Free Contact
• RTU provides voltage Substation DC Supply
free contact (110Vdc or 30Vdc)
• HDIR gets coil voltage

from station dc To RTU
supply HDIR
To Plant
Control
Circuit
HDIR Energization – Direct
• RTU provides +ve and –ve supply directly to energise
the HDIR coil
48 VDC (+)
To Plant
RTU Plant
0VDC HDIR
HDIR Wiring
• TNB’s RTU Specs specify that RTU must be able to
support all three control configurations
– Voltage Free Contact
– Directly supply 48Vdc to energize HDIR
– Directly supply 110Vdc to energize HDIR
• Telecontrol recommending that plant be wired up to
accept voltage free contacts from RTU and to use
station DC to energize HDIR
– Not too much of an issue as RTU will be part of
new S/S
Specifiying HDIRs
• Electromechanical relays consist of a coil that causes
a mechanical movement of a contact set.
• Coil
– AC or DC
– Coil’s input range, nominally +/-20% of rated voltage
– Switch on voltage
– Holding voltage (switch off)
– Holding voltage lower than switch on voltage
– Nominal current – current that coil typically draws when
operated
• Current consumption high for coils with low resistance
• Current consumption low for coils with high resistance
HDIR Contacts
Normally Open (NO) or Form A Contact:

A relay contact that is open when not
energized
Normally Closed (NC) or Form B Contact:

A relay contact that is closed when not
energized
Both NO and NC or Form C Contact:

A contact set that has both normally open
and normally closed contacts, and a
common termination for power. State of
both contacts change when relay is
energized
HDIR Contacts
Single Pole, Single Throw
(SPST)
Double Pole, Single Throw

(DPST)
Single Pole, Double Throw

(SPDT)
Double Pole, Double Throw

(DPDT)
HDIR Contacts
• Important to determine correct rating

• Must first determine function of relay:-
– DC or AC switching?
• Harder to switch DC loads because there is no zero current point
as in AC, therefore difficult to quench the arc. Also as direction of
current is fixed, contacts suffer from contact shift.
– Type of Load?
• Switching capacity in relay specs relate to resistive load.
• For inductive circuit, high counter emf is generated
HDIR Contacts
• Inrush Current – Depends
on type of load
Type of Load In-rush Current

Resistive Load Steady State current
Solenoid Load 10 to 20 times the steady state current
Motor Load 5 to 10 times the steady state current
Incandescent Lamp 10 to 15 times the steady state current
Load
Capacitive Load 20 to 40 times the steady state current
Transformer Load 5 to 15 times the steady state current
HDIRs
– Typically installed in control panels
– Minimize use of long wires in relay contact circuit
as inrush current may become a problem due to
stray capacitance existing between the wires
HDIRs Inductive Load Switching
– Types of inductive loads:-
• Relay sequence circuits, DC Motors, DC solenoids
– When inductive loads are switched off, a counter
emf of several hundred to several thousand volts
develop across contacts -> damage contacts and
reduces life
– If current is small (<1A) counter emf will cause
glow or arc discharge. Causes black deposits
(oxide and carbides) on contacts. Result in contact
failure.
– Important to absorb surges – use diodes etc,
contact protection circuits
Supervisory Control - Analog Output
Supervisory control of devices that allows regulation such as
automatic voltage regulators, setpoint controllers etc that can
accept an analog value as a control or regulating input uses
Analog Output control.
 Control Center sends a digital representation of an analog
regulating value to the RTU,
 RTU converts the digital value it received from the master
station and generates an analog output value and send to
the target device
 The target device, such as an AVR or a setpoint controller
takes this value and uses the value to effect a control
action
SCADA Interface Panel
• Also referred to as LDC Interface Panel or Supervisory
marshalling cubicle.
• Acts as a central cabling and termination point
between RTU and plant
• SCADA termination points from each plant panel is
cabled to and terminated at the LDC I/F Panel.
• Isolating terminal blocks allow isolation between
plant and RTU
RTU Cabling System
Comm
Box
Circuit
Breakers
Control
LDC Panels
RTU I/F
Relay
Panel Panels
RTCCP
Plant
AC DC
Panel Source
Summary
• Digital Inputs
– DB, SB, SOE, Counters, BCDs
– Interfacing
• Analog inputs
– A/D
– Transducers
• Supervisory Control
– Digital Outputs
• HDIRS
– Analog Output
• Cabling System

RTU Training ILSAS1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

RTU Training ILSAS1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KURSUS KOMPETENSI

10:30-10:45 Minum Pagi

10:45-13:00 Rekabentuk RTU & Spesifikasi RTU (TNB) Firdaus

13:00-14:00 Makan Tengahari

14:00-15:00 Foxboro C50 RTU Zuraini

15:00-16:30 Foxboro C50 RTU Zuraini

16:30-17:00 Tool & Test equipment Zuraini

09:00-10:30 RTU - RTU560, DF1331 Azrai

10:30-10:45 Minum Pagi

10:45-13:00 RTU Installation & RTU Test Plan Azrai

13:00-14:00 Makan Tengahari

09:00-10:30 Substation Control System Osman

10:30-10:45 Minum Pagi

13:00-14:00 Makan Tengahari

09:00-10:30 Substation Control System Prem Raj

10:30-10:45 Minum Pagi

13:00-14:00 Makan Tengahari

10:30-10:45 Minum Pagi

10:45-13:00 Wisp+ Protocol Firdaus

13:00-14:00 Makan Tengahari

14:00-15:00 Competency Exam

Tahap Rangkaian Remote Supervisory

Tahap Pencawang Human Machine Station Level

Tahap Litar Control Protection Remote Tapchanger Bay Control Unit

Bay Level Back-up Control

Tahap Perkakas Circuit Isolator CT Transformer Battery

• indication & alarms

• Status and Alarms

Form A - Normally open contact

Form B - Normally close contact

Form C - Changeover contact

Voltage Free Contacts

• Status of Critical Devices

CB Auxiliary Contacts Double Bit

CB Travel Open Open 0 0

CB Open Open Make 0 1

CB Close Make Open 1 0

Invalid State Make Make 1 1

Form B :- Half cycle: 1 -> 0 & 0 -> 1

Form C :- Half cycle: 01 - 10 & 10 - 01

TRANSDUCERS – General Configuration

Standards: IEC 688

VOLTAGE MW , Mvar & Current TRANDUCER WIRING

VOLTAGE TRANDUCER WIRING DIAGRAM

-100% -50% 0 Input

• Offset Zero or Live Zero

±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.5 ±1.5 ±2.5

Bit n Bit n-1 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1

For mesh-connected system with balanced load,

For star- or mesh-connected system with balanced load,

Scaling factor = 400 Amps Plant Transducer Transducer RTU

Plant Xdcer i/p Xdcr RTU

free contact (110Vdc or 30Vdc)

• HDIR gets coil voltage

Normally Open (NO) or Form A Contact:

Normally Closed (NC) or Form B Contact:

Both NO and NC or Form C Contact:

Double Pole, Single Throw

Single Pole, Double Throw

Double Pole, Double Throw

• Important to determine correct rating

Type of Load In-rush Current

You might also like