Lecture 12

The analysis of the behavior of the

passive electronic circuits in the
sinusoidal steady state regime.

The transfer function of the electronic circuit

 The parameters of the sinusoidal signals
The waveform (forma de undă) of Vmsint electrical signal

(a) depending on t. (b) depending on t .

• Vm AMPLITUDE (MAGNITUDE); the numerical value is expressed in volt for electric voltages,
amperes for electric currents respectively,
•  ANGULAR FREQUENCY; the numerical value is expressed in radians/seconds.
• f FREQUENCY; the numerical value is expressed in hertz.
• T TIME PERIOD; the numerical value is expressed in seconds

  2 f and f 1
T
The identification of the parameters of the
sinusoidal signals

vt   5  sin200  t  30 V  Amplitude: Vm = 5 [V]

Angular freq.:  = 200 [rad/s]
Phase:  = 300
 The phase of the electric signals

1
f  Hz   2 f
T

 only the signals with equal frequency can be compared:

 the amplitudes of the signals can be compared
 the phases of the signals can be compared; the phase difference 
represents the phase lag between the considered
The transfer function of the electronic
circuit

• it is defined in sinusoidal steady state regime;

• represents an expression defined in complex domain (it is a complex

mathematical expression);

• it is used to characterize the behavior of the circuit operating in sinusoidal

steady state regime;

• it allows the calculation of:

• the frequency characteristic of the circuit;
• the phase characteristic of the circuit.
• the response of the circuit to the information given to the input;
 The transfer function of the electronic circuit

information  input electronic circuit output  response

processes the
x I ω  t   X i  sin ω  t  φI  information xO ω  t   X o  sin ω  t  φO 

1. Translate the

circuit analysis
amplitude freq. phase amplitude freq. phase
original circuit in the
complex domain
2. Compute the
transfer function
H(j)

input x  j  output

H  j   O
xI  j    xO  j     X o  e jt O 
xI  j     X i  e jt  I 

j  φ H ω
Transfer function: H  j  ω   H ω   e φH ω  φO  φI

absolute phase
value
 The operating characteristics (caracteristicile de
funcționare) of the circuit

The frequency characteristic: The phase characteristic:

• it represents the graph of the variation
of the absolute value of the transfer
function with working frequency
• it allows de computation of the
amplitude of the output signal to each
numerical value of the working
frequency;
• it allows the determination of the
frequency band of the circuit, and the
characteristic frequencies of the circuit.
• it represents the graph of the phase of
the transfer function with working
frequency,
• it allows de computation of the phase
lag of the circuit at each numerical value
of the working frequency;
• it allows the determination of the
phase of the output signal at each
numerical value of the working
frequency.

|H(j)| H()

0  0 
 The parameters of the output signal
The amplitude of the output signal:

X o  H  j   X i

The phase of the output signal:

φO  φH ω  φI
 The parameters of the transfer function

The absolute value of the transfer function:

H  j   
Re numerator _ H  j   2  Im numerator _ H  j   2
Re deno min ator _ H  j   2  Im deno min ator _ H  j   2

The phase of the transfer function:

 Im numerator _ H  j      Im deno min ator _ H  j    

H    arctg    arctg  
 Re numerator _ H  j      Re deno min ator _ H  j    
 The voltage divider

in out

Z1

vI Z2 vO
input voltage output voltage

in out

vO Z2
The transfer function: H  j    
vI Z1  Z 2

The response of the circuit: vO  H  j    vI

 Current divider

iI
Input current

input
The transfer function:
iO Z1
H  j    
iO Output current iI Z1  Z 2

Z1 Z2
The response of the circuit:
iesire iO  H  j    iI
 The analysis of the behavior of the
electronic circuit in the sinusoidal steady
state regime
1. Translate the original circuit in the complex domain: the electronic
components are replaced by corresponding impedances, and the
input/output signals are replaced by the corresponding phasors;
2. Compute the mathematical expression of the transfer function of
the circuit;
3. Compute the absolute value of the transfer function;
4. Compute the phase of the transfer function;
5. Compute the amplitude of the output signal,
6. Compute the phase of the output signal
Example: the case of the low pass
voltage filter (filtrul trece jos)

The output signal of the low pass filter

0. the original circuit = low pass filter

input R output

vI C vO

input output
1. The low pass filter translated in the complex
domain
ZRR

vI ZC
C vO

ZR = R

ZC = -j×XC
 2. The transfer function
ZR

vI ZC vO

vO v  j 
H  j    O
vI vI  j   

ZC ZC
The low pass voltage filter is a vO   vI H  j  
Z R  ZC Z R  ZC
voltage divider:
 3. The absolute value of the transfer function

ZC  j  XC
H  j   H  j  
ZC  Z R R  j  XC

02   X C 2 XC2
H  j   H   
1
 
R 2   X C 2 R2  X C 2  R 
2
1   
 C
X

H  j  
1
2
 R 
1   
 XC 

1
XC 
 C
4. The phase of the transfer function

ZC  j  XC
H  j   H  j  
ZC  Z R R  j  XC

  XC    XC 
 H    arctg    arctg  
 0   R 

 X 
 H      arctg  C 
2  R 
 5. The amplitude of the output signal

Vo  H  j  Vi

Vi
Vo 
2
 R 
1   
 XC 

The numerical value of the amplitude depends on the numerical value of

the working frequency
 6. The phase of the output signal

O   I   H

The numerical value of the phase depends on the numerical

value of the working frequency.

 X 
O   I   arctg  C 
2  R 
The response of the circuit = the output signal

The analytical form:

  X 
vO   t  
Vi
 sin   t   I   arctg  C 
 R 
2
 2  R 
1   
 C
X

The phasorial form:

Vi   X 
vO   exp   t   I   arctg  C 
 R 
2
 2  R 
1   
 XC 