6.

1 Integration by parts
 Formula for Integration by parts

 f ( x) g '( x)dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f '( x) dx

 udv  uv   vdu
• The idea is to use the above formula to simplify an integration task.
• One wants to find a representation for the function to be integrated
in the form udv so that the function vdu is easier to integrate
than the original function.

• The rule is proved using the Product Rule for differentiation.

 Deriving the Formula

Start with the product rule:

 u dv    d  uv   v du 
d dv du
 uv   u  v
dx dx dx
 u dv    d  uv     v du
d  uv   u dv  v du

d  uv   v du  u dv  u dv  uv   v du
This is the Integration by Parts
u dv  d  uv   v du formula.
 Choosing u and v

 u dv  uv   v du
u differentiates to dv is easy to
zero (usually). integrate.

Choose u in this order: LIPET

Logs, Inverse trig, Polynomial, Exponential, Trig


Example 1:
 u dv  uv   v du
 x  cos x dx LIPET

polynomial factor ux dv  cos x dx

du  dx v  sin x
u v   v du

x  sin x   sin x dx

x  sin x  cos x  C
Example 2:
 u dv  uv   v du
 ln x dx LIPET

logarithmic factor u  ln x dv  dx

u v   v du 1
du  dx vx
x
1
ln x  x   x  dx
x
x ln x  x  C
Example 3:
 u dv  uv   v du LIPET
 x e dx
2 x

u  x2 dv  e x dx
u v   v du
du  2 x dx ve x

x e   e  2 x dx
2 x x

This is still a product, so we

x e  2 xe dx
2 x x
u
need to use x integration
dv  e dx
x
by
parts again.

x e  2 xe   e dx
2 x x x
 du  dx v  ex

x e  2 xe  2e  C
2 x x x
Example 4: LIPET
u  e x dv  cos x dx
 cos x dx
x
e
du  e x dx v  sin x
u v   v du
ue dv  sin x dx
x

e sin x   sin x  e dx
x x
du  e dx v   cos x
x

x

e sin x  e   cos x    cos x  e dx
x x

uv v du This is the
e sin x  e cos x   e cos x dx
x x x
expression we
started with!


Example 4(cont.): LIPET
u  e x dv  cos x dx
 cos x dx
x
e
du  e x dx v  sin x
u v   v du
ue dv  sin x dx
x

e sin x   sin x  e dx
x x
du  e dx v   cos x
x

x

e sin x  e   cos x    cos x  e dx
x x

 e cos x dx  e sin x  e cos x   e
x x x x
cos x dx

2  e cos x dx  e sin x  e cos x

x x x This is called “solving for
the unknown integral.”

e x
sin x  e x
cos x It works when both factors
 e cos x dx  C
x
integrate and differentiate
2 forever.
 Integration by Parts
for Definite Integrals
b b b

 udv  uv    vdu  u  b  v  b   u  a  v  a    vdu

b
Formula a
a a a

Integration by Parts Formula and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

imply the above Integration by Parts Formula for Definite Integrals. Here
we must assume that the functions u and v and their derivatives are
all continuous.

1
Example 2

 arcsin  x  dx
0
Choose u  arcsin  x  . Then
dx
dv  dx, v  x and du  .
1 x 2

1 1
2 2
xdx
 arcsin  x  dx  x arcsin  x  0  
1
2

0 0 1 x 2
 Integration by Parts
for Definite Integrals
Example (cont’d) By the computations on the previous slide
we now have

arcsin  
1 1 1
2 2
xdx 1 2
xdx
 arcsin  x  dx  x arcsin  x  0  
1

2

2

0 0 1 x 2 2 0 1 x2
1
2
xdx
Compute 0 1 x 2
by the substitution t  1  x 2 , dt  2 xdx.
3
1 3 4
1 3 2
xdx 4
dt    3   1  2  3
x  0  t  1 and x 
2
t 
4 
0 1 x 2
 1 2 t   t
 2 2
1

Combining these results we get the answer

arcsin  12 
1
2
2 3  2 3
 arcsin  x  dx 
0
2

2

12

2