Total Precast Structures – Diaphragm Design

Diaphragm in Total Precast Structure

• Topped or untopped precast slabs? When – Where – Why?

• Determination of design loads (demand)

• Introduction of diaphragm elements and intended purpose

• Integrity requirements of a precast slab

• Rigid vs. Semi-rigid vs. Flexible Diaphragms

• Precast slab specific detailing requirement (i.e. Using added tendons locally per diaphragm requirements,
adding U-Bars)

• Sections and detailing

• Openings / jogging of slab edges

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Topped or untopped slabs?

• CSA A23.3 and OBC do not provide a clear guideline on this topic.

• The American codes, standards and guidelines have a better breakdown and clearer guidelines
when it comes to design and detailing of precast structures including diaphragm design (ASCE,
ACI, FEMA, NeHRP).

• The design procedure (load demands, ductility ratios, material safety factors, load
combinations, …) is defined differently between Canadian and American Codes. However,
some of the base definitions are consistent.

• As part of our due diligence, the American approach could be used to have a better
understanding of code recommended practice, as long as a consistent code is used throughout
the assessment process.
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Untopped precast slabs – When?

• ASCE 7 and NIST (FEMA+NeHRP) guideline allow for the use of untopped slab diaphragms in
SDC B (Seismic Design Category) while providing standard connection details and respect
integrity requirement.
5 Untopped precast slabs – When?
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Topped and Untopped according to NIST (FEMA – NeHERP)
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Parameters Impacting Diaphragm Definition

• Seismic Design Category
─ SDC B and C: considered low seismicity for diaphragm design. No topping required. SDC C will have special
detailing requirements.
─ SDC D, E and F: Following table plus the aspect ratio (AR) parameters are uses to determine the class.
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Parameters Impacting Diaphragm Definition

• Diaphragm Span (L):

• Diaphragm Aspect Ratio (AR):

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Parameters Impacting Diaphragm Definition

• Diaphragm Shear Amplification Factor:
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Connection/Joint Deformability (ASCE 7)

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Joint Definition (ASCE 7)

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Assessment of Hamilton and GTA area for equivalent SDC

• Chapter 11: Seismic Design Criteria

─ Cl. 11.4: Seismic Ground Motion Values
─ Cl. 11.5: Importance Factor and Risk Category
─ Cl. 11.6: Seismic Design Category

• Cl. 11.4.2: Mapped Acceleration Parameters

─ Ss (@0.2 s) and S1 (@1.0 s)
─ Figs. 22-1 to 22-7
─ Electronic values of mapped acceleration parameters
are provided @ USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) website
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OBC-12 Soil Classification:

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ASCE 7-16 Soil Classification:

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ASCE 7 – 16 (Cont’d):
• Cl. 11.4.3: Site Class
─ Fa Values are shown in the Right

• OBC-12 Comparison
─ Fa Values are shown below
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ASCE 7 – 16 (Cont’d):
• Cl. 11.4.3: Site Class
─ Fv values are shown in the right

• OBC-12 comparison
─ Fv Values are shown below
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ASCE 7 – 16 (Cont’d):
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ASCE 7 – 16 (Cont’d):
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ASCE 7 – 16 (Cont’d):
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ASCE 7 – 16: Importance Factor

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ASCE 7 – 16: Risk Category

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ASCE 7 – 16: Seismic Design Category (SDC)

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ASCE 7 – 16: Seismic Design Category (SDC)

 Seismic Design Category (SDC) Determination – ASCE 7 - 16
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Chapter 11: Seismic Design Criteria

Cl. 11.4: Seismic Ground Motion Values

Cl. 11.4.2: Mapped Acceleration Parameters

Ss (0.2 s), S1 (1.0 s)
Values are tabulated by USGS

Cl. 11.4.3: Site Class

Fa, Fv

Cl. 11.4.4: Site Coefficients and Risk Targeted Maximum Considered

(MCER)Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters
SMS = Fa Ss
SM1 = Fv S1

Cl. 11.4.5: Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

SDS = 2/3 SMS
SD1 = 2/3 SM1

Cl. 11.5: Importance Factor and Risk Category

Ie, Risk Categories: I, II, III & IV

Cl. 11.6: Seismic Design Category

SDC A, B, C, D, E and F
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Evaluating Hamilton+GTA:

Ss=0.32 Ss=0.32
S1=0.064 S1=0.064
Site Class C: Fa=1.3; Fv=1.5 Site Class D: Fa=1.544; Fv=2.4
SMS= Fa Ss = 1.3x0.32=0.416 SMS= Fa Ss = 1.544x0.32=0.494
SM1= Fv S1 = 1.5x0.064=0.096 SM1= Fv S1 = 2.4x0.064=0.154
SDS= 2/3*SMS = 2/3*0.416=0.277 SDS= 2/3*SMS = 2/3*0.494=0.329
SD1= 2/3*SM1 = 2/3*0.096=0.064 SD1= 2/3*SM1 = 2/3*0.154=0.103
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Diaphragm Acceleration levels (demands)

• Upper level diaphragms are subjected to higher
acceleration levels

• Lower level diaphragms are designed for a

minimum acceleration level
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Diaphragm Acceleration Level (ASCE 7)

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Diaphragm Design Forces (OBC 12, CSA A23.3-04 (R2010))

• The diaphragm should remain elastic while the
potential force dissipating elements (plastic hinges)
enter non-linear behaviour.
• Based on OBC 2012, Cl. 4.1.8.15.(1).(a), Cl.
4.1.8.15.7. and CSA A23.3-04(R2010) Cl.
21.8.3.2.(b), the diaphragm design forces should be
determined using storey shear forces in ETABS
using Rd.R0 = 1.3.
• OBC 4.1.8.15.(1).(b) identifies minimum design
forces per floor as base shear of the building using
Rd.R0 = 1.3 divided by N, number of floors.
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Diaphragm Design Forces

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Diaphragm Seismic Mass

• Seismic mass of each diaphragm includes the mass associated with the diaphragm and the
mass of the walls which are perpendicular to the direction of seismic forces. The mass of the
walls in the same direction of the seismic forces can be neglected.

• Diaphragm Seismic Mass is different than storey mass as defined and used for SFRS (shear
wall) designs.
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Diaphragm Elements - Chords

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Diaphragm Elements - Chords

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Diaphragm Elements – Shear Flow elements

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Diaphragm Elements – Collectors (drag Strut)

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Diaphragm Elements – Collectors (drag Strut)

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Integrity Requirements
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Integrity Requirements
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Integrity Requirements