MEETING STANDARDS AND

STANDINGS

CHAPTER 6
Standard Units

- show you where a score stands in a

relation to other scores in a group.

- Comparing one number to another

that have the same scale.
Standard Score

Z=X–X
S
If you’re dealing with a sample,

Z=X–X
Characteristics of z-scores
 Positive – greater than the mean

 Negative – score less than the mean

 Zero – if it is equal to the mean

Example of Computation

Z = 60 – 12.68 = 4.51
10.49

Z = 73 – 37.02 = 3.73
9.64
X

Mean

Standard dev.
 Other than Z’s
 T – Score (Nearest whole number)
- mean of 50 and stdev of 10
- T = (z)(10) + 50
 C – Score (Nearest whole number)
- mean of 500 and stdev of 100
- SAT = (z)(100)+500
 IQ Score (Nearest whole number)
- mean is 100 and its stdev is 16
- IQ = (z)(16)+100
 Rank.Eq and Rank.Avg

• Rank.Eq – a fuction which returns the lower

rank.

• Rank.Avg – a function which returns the

average rank.
 Rank.Eq Vs Rank.Avg

• When RANK.EQ encounter ties scores, it

assigns all of them the highest rank those
scores attain. Therefore, three scores tied for
second are all ranked second. When
RANK.AVG encounter ties, it assigns all of
them the average of the ranks they attain.
With this function, three scores tied for
second are all ranked third.
 LARGE and SMALL

• You can turn the ranking process inside out by

supplying a rank and asking which score has
that rank. LARGE and SMALL functions handle
this from either end. They tell you the fifth
largest score or the third smallest score or any
other rank you’re interested in.
 PERCENTILE.INC and
PERCENTILE.EXC
• Percentile is closely related to rank, which
represents a score’s standing in the group as
the percent of scores below it.
• PERCENTILE.INC is the renamed PERCENTILE
formula from pre-2010 Excel. This one works
via “greater than or equal to.”
• PERCENTILE.EXC work with “greater than”
 DRAWN AND QUARTILED
A few specific percentiles are often used to summarize a group of scores:
the 25th , the 50th, the 75th, and the 100th percentile (the maximum
score). Because they divide a group of scores into fourths, these
particular four percentiles are called quartiles.

Excel’s QUARTILE.INC and QUARTILE.EXC formulas calculate them. The

INC version calculates inclusively, the EXC version exclusively.

The trick is to enter the right kind of numbers into the Quart box — 1 for
the 25th percentile, 2 for the 50th, 3 for the 75th, and 4 for the 100th.
Entering 0 into the Quart box gives you the lowest score in the group.
 DATA ANALYSIS TOOL: RANK AND PERCENTILE
Excel provides a data analysis tool that calculates ranks and percentiles of each score in a
group.

Here are the steps for using Rank and Percentile:

1. Type your data into an array. In this example, the data are in cells C2 through C22.
2. In the Tools menu, choose Data Analysis to open the Data Analysis dialog box.
3. In the Data Analysis dialog box, select Rank and Percentile.
4. Click OK to open the Rank and Percentile dialog box.
5. In the Rank and Percentile dialog box, enter the data array into the Input Range box.
Make sure that it’s in absolute reference format. In this example, a label is in the first row
(in cell C1). I want the label included in the output, so I enter $C$1:$C$32 in the Input
Range box, and I check the Labels in First Row check box.
6. Select the Columns radio button to indicate that the data are organized by columns.
7. Select the New Ply radio button to create a new tabbed page in the worksheet, and to
send the results to the newly created page. 8. Click OK to close the dialog box. Open the
newly created page to see the results.

For Mac Users StatPlus LE provides a Rank and Percentile tool that’s similar to
the Analysis ToolPak version. To access it, select Statistics | Nonparametric Statistics | Rank
and Percentile from the StatPlus menu bar.
 SCORE
65
41
85
67
78
48 IDENTIFY:
88
39
1. STANDARDIZE SCORES
69
79
85
87
33
36
76
MEAN 65.06667
ST.DEV.P 18.91582
SCORE
65
41
85
67 IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:
78
48 1. RANK.EQ
88 2. RANK.AVG
39 3. LARGE(HIGHEST TO LOWEST)
69 4. SMALL(LOWEST TO HIGHEST)
79
85
87
33
36
76
SCORE K
65 0.95
41 0.9
85 0.85
67 0.8
78 0.75
48 0.7
88 0.65 USING THE SAME DATA IDENTIFY THE
39 0.6 FOLLOWING:
69 0.55
79 0.5
85 0.45 1. PERCENTILE.INC
87 0.4 2. PERCENTILE.EXC
33 0.35 3. QUARTILE.INC
36 0.3 4. QUARTILE.EXC
76 0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
 ACTIVITY
POINT SCORE
76 87
70 85
78 89
79 74
65 77
45 76
87 78
56 55
64 65
75 85
66 95
69 87
29 86
41 88
38 83
34 80
54 80
52 70
46 70
28 76
20 69