“HARD WRITING MAKES

EASY READING,EASY
WRITING MAKES HARD
READING”

WILLIAM ZINSSER
“WRITE TO BE
UNDERSTOOD, SPEAK TO BE
HEARD, READ TO GROW”

LAWRENCE CLARK
POWELL
“READING IS LIKE
BREATHING IN, WRITING
IS LIKE BREATHING OUT”
What reading strategies
can help you to increase
your comprehension on
the text?
How can you effectively
apply reading strategies to
improve your
understanding of the text?
THE READING PROCESS
READING-
 a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive
meaning from a text.
 - an interaction between the text and the reader
 We read to gain and share information and ideas
whether for academic, personal or professional
purposes.
 A skill that can be improved through consistent practice
Different skills to apply
1. identifying the author’s purpose
2. Grasping the main ideas of the text
3. Locating the important details
4. Using context clues to understand unfamiliar
words
5. Answering specific questions
6. Analyzing the text points
7. Critiquing the text
EFFECTIVE READING STRATEGIES
 1. Previewing- looking at the readily visible
parts of the text. ( title, subtitle, visuals and
graphs, pictures and charts)
 Identify your purpose in reading
 Examine the titles and subtitles of the text
 Browse the introduction and the conclusion of
the text
 Look at the visual element of the text
 Take note of the things that interest you to
better understand the text
1. Scanning and Skimming-
SKIMMING- look for the main point of the reading
 It involves quickly going though beginning and
concluding sentences of paragraphs because these
usually talked about the topic

 SCANNING- looking for specific information

 ( involves physically moving an eyes along the page and
tracing a finger along the lines of the text)
 * Another technique to improve reading
comprehension and reading pace is using context clues
CONTEXT CLUES- words, phrases and sentences
that surround an unfamiliar word that can help to
recognize the meaning of an unknown word.
COMMON TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES
1. SYNONYMS- used when the text has words and
phrases that are similar in meaning to the unknown
word.
Ex. The narrator in the poem was euphoric at is son’s
victory , for he cried out triumphantly when he boy came
home.
2. Antonym- a word that reveals the opposite meaning in
relation to the unknown word.
Ex.The hero in the poem did not give in
trepidation; rather , he bravely slayed the
Jabberwock with his sword.
3. EXAMPLES- specific details in a text that are
used to clarify the meaning of a word.
Ex. The boy’s father was ecstatic when he found
out that the Jabberwock was conquered by his
son. His behavior included laughing, cheering ,
and hugging his son.
4. Explanations and Definitions
Explanations may be given as clues to describe
an unknown term. ( because, it means, refers to)
 . Hearing someone outgrabe- which means
Ex

he is whistling , bellowing and sneezing all

at once-can be a funny sight.
5. SITUATIONS- the meaning of a word may
change depending on its context, or how
and where it is used.
Ex. The boy wondered if he should have
brought some back up, in case he could not
take on the Jabberwock by himself.
USING CONNOTATION AND DENOTATION

DENOTATION- the basic, precise literal meaning

of the word that can be found in the dictionary.
CONNOTATION- the positive , negative or neutral
feelings , attitudes, ideas, or associations with a
word; these shades of meanings are affected by
social overtones, emotional meaning or cultural
implications.
Ex.denotation – (FATHER) a male parent
connotation- feelings of love and respect
Read the article. Choose seven words that are unfamiliar to you and
underline them. Write the meaning of the selected words using the table
below.

Unfamiliar Type of Your own Definition The

words context clue definition from the connotation
used from dictionary of the word
context
clues

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

7.
Recognizing Context Clues
 1.Many plant rhizomes, underground stem or
root systems , offer an excellent source of
nutritious food.
 2. The loud, shrill cries of the bluejays broke
the early morning silence as they raucously
called other jays to the bird feeder.
 3. The sinister old woman is a witch in the said
remote barrio.
 4.Jack’s ignominious behavior was shameful
and disgraceful.
 5.An intrepid leader, Arnold never shrank from
engaging the enemy in battle.
Use the following word pairs in a sentence.
 1.Veracity/ falsehood
 2.Prosaic/poetic
 3.Venal/ corrupt
 4.Insinuate/ suggest
 5.Insulin/ hormone that helps the body use sugar
 6.Infectious/tending to spread
 7.Savannahs/ grassy plains
Brainstorming Strategies
Brainstorming is the term commonly used to refer
to any type of prewriting that authors use to help
themselves generate ideas and work out the
connections between larger and smaller concepts.
Brainstorming is an invaluable process used by
writers at all writing is understood to be not the
product of a “genius strike of lightening” but the
product of a series of trials and errors, beginning
with the early stages of prewriting that are
generated through brainstorm
It is also important to note that writers are not
permanently linked to their original outlines.
During the research and/or writing processes,
authors usually find that their initial “Plan of
Action” needs to be revised and, in some cases,
completely rethought. Don’t be afraid to
see your writing as a work in progress.
All writers go through this very normal process.
This is good writing in action!!
Strategies for Effective Brain Storming
Common Prewriting Techniques
 A. Word Map – use circles, etc. to show relation
between ideas
 B. List – list any and all ideas/items about your topic
 C. Scratch Outline – briefly highlight the main points of
your paper
 D. Question and Answer – ask as many questions as you
can think of
 E. Free-write – be the creator, not the editor of your
work
Visual Models
 Group 1
 Venn diagram
 Fishbone map
 Flow chart
 Human Interaction Map

 Group 2
 KWL chart
 sketch
 timeline
 Group 3
 Cycle map
 Semantic web
 Compare and contrast matrix

 Group 4
 Problem -solution Chart
 Graphs
 Series of events chain
 Clustering
Activities

Preliminary activities
Games
lecture on uses
Examples
Applications on English ,Math , English etc.
Directions: Identify the most appropriate graphic
organizers for the following topics

___ 1. comparison of a plant cell and an animal cell

____ 2. Parts of a tree
____ 3. Contrast between coniferous plants deciduous
plants
____ 4. Classification of parasites
____ 5. Meaning of fungus
_____ 6. Statistics pertaining to endangered species
_____ 7. Organization of the Bureau of Industry
_____ 8. Life cycle of a mosquito
_____ 9. similarities between crocodiles and alligators
_____ 10. Difference in population of sharks and whales.
_____ 11. Causes of destruction of coral reefs
_____ 12. Effects of red tide
 13. Population of the Philippine Eagle from 2000 to
2015.
 B. Complete the table indicating the types of graphic
organizers that can be used for specific topics in
writing TOPIC ITEMS/ DETAILS TO BE
ILLUSTRATED
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
 MAKING OUTLINES
Outline- a method of taking notes that organizes
information according to main ideas, major details and
lesser details. Three (3) basic outline forms: MODIFIED,
FORMAL , FREE-FORM

1.Modified outline- main ideas are used as headings and

important details are listed under each heading.
Heading is capitalized, underlined or circled.
- Use to take notes while listening or reading
Example:
Modified / ( Functions of the two hemispheres of the brain)
Left Brain Right Brain
1.logical 1.creative
2.organized 2. artistic
3. mathematical 3. poetic
4.grammatical 4.musical

2.FORMAL OUTLINE- use to arrange ideas when preparing

written and oral assignments. This is not only places
information under major headings
But also shows the relative importance of the information
and its relation to other information. ( It can be either
TOPIC or SENTENCE outline.)
TOPIC OUTLINE- lists information in words and phrases;
SENTENCE OUTLINE- uses complete sentence
Ex.
The Human Brain and How It Functions
Skills divided by hemispheres
A. Left Brain
Ex.
The Human Brain and How It Functions
Skills divided by hemispheres
A. Left Brain
1.Logical
2.Organized
3.Mathematical
4.Grammatical
B. Right Brain
1.Creative
2. Artistic
3.Poetic
4. Musical
 SENTENCE
A. Hemispheres connected by nerve bundles
1. allows hemispheres to communicate
2. Can be cut without ill effects
B. One hemisphere usually stronger than other
1. Can be change through education
2. Left brain excellence encouraged more often

3.FREE- FORM OUTLINE- use to take notes from loosely

organized material or when need to recall only
highlights.
 Ex.

mathem
atical musical
creativ
e
gramma Brain has 2 Rt
Lt
tical hemispheres artistic

poeti
organize c
d logica
l
 RULES TO FOLLOW FOR FORMAL OUTLINES
 1. Use Roman numerals for main ideas. Use capital
letters for major details. Use arabic numerals for minor
details. Use small letters for items under minor details.
 2. Place a period after each numeral or letter
 3. Capitalize the first word in each line
 4. Use indentation to indicate importance. Main ideas
begin at the left; less important ideas begin farther to
the right.
 5. Always place two or more items under a heading
Activity

 Using any topic, make an outline using

the different types modified, formal
and free form.