Primary Tissue

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate
Chapter 4: Tissues, Glands, and

Membranes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 2.1
Histology: Study of Body Tissues
 Cells are specialized for particular functions
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary tissue types
 Epithelium
 Connective tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Muscle
Epithelial Tissues
 Locations:
 Body coverings (covers surfaces)

 Body linings (lines cavities)
 Glandular tissue (endocrine and exocrine)
Epithelial Tissues
 Functions
 Protection
 Absorption
 Filtration
 Secretion
Epithelium Characteristics
 Cells fit closely together

 Tissue has one “free” surface
 The deeper surface rests on a
basement membrane
 Avascular
 Regenerate easily
Classification of Epithelium
 Two methods:
[1] Number of cell
layers
 Simple – one layer
 Stratified – more than
one layer
Figure 3.16a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.44a
Classification of Epithelium
 [2] Shape of cells

 Squamous – flattened
 Cuboidal – cube-shaped
 Columnar – column-like
Figure 3.16b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.44b
Simple Epithelia
 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat
cells
 Usually forms
membranes
 Lines body cavities
 Lines lungs and
capillaries
Figure 3.17a
Simple Epithelia
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of
cube-like cells
 Common in
glands and ducts
 Forms walls
of kidney tubules
 Covers ovaries
Figure 3.17b
Simple Epithelia
 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall
cells
 Often includes
goblet cells
 produce mucus
 Lines digestive
tract Figure 3.17c
Simple Epithelia
 Pseudostratified
 Single layer, cells
vary in height
 Looks like a double
cell layer
 Sometimes ciliated
 Function in
absorption or
secretion
Figure 3.17d
Stratified Epithelia
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the free
surface are flattened
 Function is protection
 Locations
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus
Figure 3.17e
Stratified Epithelia
 Transitional
epithelium
 Shape of cells
depends upon
tissue stretching
 Lines organs of the
urinary system
Figure 3.17f
Glandular Epithelium
 Gland – one or more cells that secretes a
particular product
 Two major gland types

 Endocrine glands
 Ductless
 Secretions are hormones (Lots more later…)
Glandular Epithelium Slide 3.52
 Gland types, con’t…

 Exocrine glands
 Empty through
ducts to the
epithelial surface
 Include sweat
and oil glands
Goblet Cell: a single
celled gland
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body

 Most abundant and widely distributed
tissues
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supports the body
 Provides protection
Connective Tissue Characteristics
 Variations in blood supply

 Some tissue types are well vascularized
 Some have poor blood supply or are
avascular
 Extracellular matrix
 Non-living material that surrounds living
cells
Extracellular Matrix
 Two main elements

 Ground substance
 mostly water
 adhesion proteins
 polysaccharide molecules
Extracellular Matrix, main elements
 Fibers
 Produced by cells in matrix
 Types of Fibers
 Collagenous
 Elastic
 Reticular
Connective Tissue Types
 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Composed of:
 Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities)
 Hard matrix of calcium salts
 Organic component:
collagen fibers
 Used to protect and
support the body
Figure 3.18a
 Hyaline cartilage
 Most common
cartilage
 Composed of:
 Abundant collagen
fibers
 Rubbery matrix
 Most of fetal skeleton
Figure 3.18b
 Elastic cartilage
 Provides elasticity
 Example: supports the external ear
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.58a
 Fibrocartilage
 Highly compressible
 Example: forms
cushion-like discs
between vertebrae
Figure 3.18c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.58b
 Dense connective
tissue
 Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
 Cells are fibroblasts
 Examples
 Tendon – attach muscle
to bone
 Ligaments – attach bone
to bone
Figure 3.18d
 Areolar (loose)
connective tissue
 Most common
connective tissue
 Soft, pliable
 Contains all fiber
types
 Can hold excess fluid
Figure 3.18e
 Adipose tissue
 Areolar tissue specialized to store fat
globules
 Cells contain
large lipid deposits
 Functions
 Insulates the body
 Protects organs
 Site of energy storage
Figure 3.18f
 Reticular
connective tissue
 Delicate network of
fibers
 Forms stroma of
lymphoid organs
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Bone marrow
Figure 3.18g
 Blood
 Blood cells in a
fluid matrix
 Fibers are visible
during clotting
 Functions in
transport
Figure 3.18h
Muscle Tissue
 Function to produce movement

 Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
Muscle Tissue Types
 Skeletal muscle
 Voluntary
 Attached to connective
tissue
 Cells are striated
 Cells have more than
one nucleus
Figure 3.19b
Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle
 Found only in the
heart
 Involuntary
 Attached to other
cardiac muscle cells
 at intercalated disks
 Cells are striated
 One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19c
Muscle Tissue Types
 Smooth muscle
 Involuntary
 Surrounds hollow
organs
 Attached to other
smooth muscle cells
 No visible striations
 One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19a
Nervous Tissue
 Neurons and
support cells
 Function to send
impulses to other
areas of the body
 Irritability
 Conductivity
Figure 3.20
Tissue Repair
 Regeneration
 Replacement by the same kind of cells
 Fibrosis
 Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
 Type of repair determined by:
 Type of tissue damaged
 Severity of the injury
Regeneration of Tissues
 Tissues that regenerate easily
 Epithelial tissue
 Fibrous connective tissue and bone
 Tissues that regenerate poorly
 Skeletal muscle
 Cartilage
 Tissues replaced largely with scar tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Primary Tissue

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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 4: Tissues, Glands, and

 Body coverings (covers surfaces)

 Cells fit closely together

 [2] Shape of cells

 Two major gland types

 Gland types, con’t…

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Found everywhere in the body

 Variations in blood supply

 Two main elements

 Function to produce movement

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