SUKKUR IBA UNIVERSITY

MERIT – QUALITY – EXCELLENCE

Course: Signals and Systems

Dr. Abdul Aziz Memon

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Email: aziz.memon@iba-suk.edu.pk
Timeline for paper presentation and project demonstration
Paper (Timeline) Matlab Based Project (Timeline)
20 pages min: (Either 1/2/3 Journal papers) Better than final year projects
10 sessional marks theory 10 sessional marks lab
Must follow assigned year and IEEE Journal paper Must search on Mathworks website
Paper title check and approved by me Rough idea about project title
14~16 January 2019 14~16 January 2019 (Meet me with project idea)
Presentation 10 pages (1st paper or half paper) Register project title (Get approved then google form)
28 Jan~ 1 Feb 2019 28 Jan~ 1 Feb 2019
(Must get appointment 1 week before) Keep sharing project progress every week (Important)
Presentation 10 pages (2nd paper or rest of half paper) 1st Project demo
4~8 March 2019 (Must get appointment 1 week 4~8 March 2019 (Must get appointment 1 week
before) before)
Presentation 10 pages (3rd paper or Full paper) Final Project demo
8~13 April 2019 (Must get appointment 1 week before) 4~8 March 2019 (Must get appointment 1 week
before)
Repeat if required Improve if required
Slide # 2
Stable system
• Bounded input and Bounded output
• Input and output signal should be with in range

• Input voltage 220 – Output voltage 220 (Stable)

• Input increasing exponential – Bounded output (unstable)
• Bounded input – Ramp output (unstable)

• y(t)=cos(t) stable for bounded time

• y(t)=tan(t) unstable for bounded time
• y(t)=1/t unstable for t=0
Slide # 3
Memory
• A system is said to posses memory if its output signal depends
upon past or future values
• Memoryless
1 t
• With memory vc (t )   ic ( )d
C

• With memory
Past value, for n=3 Average of previous and present

• Memoryless
x[n-1]=x[2] values of temperature etc.

Slide # 4
Memory
• Example: Bank account

• y[n]=y[n-1]+x[n] Accumulator system

n
y[n]   x[n]
k 0

y[5]  x[0]  x[1]  x[2]  x[3]  x[4]  x[5]

y[5]  y[5  1]  x[5]
y[n]  y[n  1]  x[n]
Slide # 5
Causality
• System is said to be causal if its output depends upon present
and/or past values of input signal
• Memoryless systems are examples of Causal systems

• y(t)=x(t)cos(t-1)
• y(t)=x(t)cos(t+1)

• Cos is not input signal

Slide # 6
Causality
• Non-causal system (Also depends upon future values)
• Kind of theoretical concept.
• Kind of based on prediction type scenarios or future values should
be stored or known before performing operation on system.
• Stored image (operation on pixels)
• Charge, which is supposed to be placed at origin, but it can
already be know that it will have Electric field for whole axis
• y(t)=x(-t)

• Real time systems can’t be non-causal

Slide # 7
Causality (This slide is not part of lecture)

• God, Prophet (religious kind of beliefs)

• Aamil baba, peer fakeer (can predict about whom you will
marry or when will you have kids) Slide # 8
Invertibility
• A system is said to be invertible if input of system can be
recovered from output.

• y(t)=ax(t)
• x(t)=y(t)/a
• Water  ice  water  steam  water
• Signal  Increase amplitude  decrease amplitude  signal
• Signal  Encryption  Decryption = Signal
• Milk  yogurt  milk?? (non-invertible system)
• y(t)=2 (non-invertible system) Slide # 9
Invertibility

n
y[n]   x[n]  y[n  1]  x[n]
k 0 Slide # 10
Time invariance
• A system is said to be time invariant if shift in time (time delay
or time advance) of input signal produces same time shift in
output signal.

• x(t)y(t)
• x(t-t1)y(t-t1)

Slide # 11
Time invariance
• Time variant system
• y(t)=x(2t)

• Two steps
• Delay input signal and
find out output signal

• Delay output signal

• Compare both Slide # 12

Time invariance
• y(t)=2x(t)+3

• shift input signal x(t) by

-k units as x(t-k)
• y1(t)=2x(t-k)+3

• shift output signal y(t)

by -k units as y(t-k)
• y(t-k)=2x(t-k)+3

• Since, y1(t)=y(t-k),
therefore it is
time invariant system
Slide # 13
Time variant or time invariant?

y (t )  tx(t ) .... (i)

delay input signal
put x(t )  x(t  k ) in equation (i)
y1 (t ) delay x (t ) k units  tx(t  k ) .... (ii)
delay output signal
put t  t  k in equation (i)
y2 (t ) delay y(t ) k units  y (t  k )  (t  k ) x(t  k ) .... (iii)
since equation (ii) and (iii) are not equal, therefore system is time variant
Slide # 14
Time invariance
y (t )  2u (t )....(i)
for u (t - a )
y1 (t )  2u (t - a )....(ii)
put t  t  a in eq: (i)
y (t  a )  2u (t  a )....(iii)
eq: (ii) and (iii) are same.
Therefore system is time invariant
y (t )  u (t )  t....(i)
for u (t - a )
y1 (t )  u (t - a )  t....(ii)
put t  t  a in eq: (i)
y (t  a )  u (t  a )  t  a....(iii)
eq: (ii) and (iii) are not same.
Therefore system is time variant
Slide # 15
Linear system
• Linear system is a system that follows principle of
superposition
• If an input consists of the weighted sum of several signals, then the
output is the superposition; that is, the weighted sum of the responses
of the system to each of those signals.
• Amplitude scaled input produces amplitude scaled output

• Then the system is linear if:

Slide # 16
Example (Linear)
• y(t)=tx(t) • x3(t)=x1(t)+x2(t) 0<=t<=2

• If x(t)=1 0<=t<=2 • y3(t)=tx3(t)=t[x1(t)+x2(t)

• x1(t)=2x(t)=2 0<=t<=2 • 0<=t<=2
• x2(t)=4x(t)=4 0<=t<=2
• y3(t)=t[2x(t)+4x(t)] 0<=t<=2
• y1(t)=2t 0<=t<=2
• y2(t)=4t 0<=t<=2 • y3(t)=t[2x(t)+4x(t)] 0<=t<=2
• y1(t)+y2(t)=6t 0<=t<=2 • y3(t)=t[2+4]=6t 0<=t<=2
Slide # 17
 y (t )  2 x(t  1)
Linear system x1 (t )  ax(t )
y1 (t )  2ax(t  1)  ay (t )

ax(t )  ay (t )
x1 (t )  y1 (t )
bx(t )  by (t )
x2 (t )  y2 (t )
1st condition is satisfied

for 2nd condition define a signal

x3 (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t )  ax(t )  bx(t )
y3 (t )  2( x1 (t  1)  x2 (t  1))
y3 (t )  2(ax(t  1)  bx(t  1))
y3 (t )  y1 (t )  y2 (t )
Linear system Slide # 18
Linear/Non-linear y (t )  tx 2 (t ) .... (i)
For first property of superposition
x1 (t )  ax(t )
y1 (t )  a 2tx2 (t )  a 2 y (t )  ay (t )
First propery fails

For second property of superposition

x1 (t )  ax(t )
y1 (t )  a 2tx2 (t )  a 2 y (t )

x2 (t )  bx(t )
y2 (t )  b 2t x2 (t )  b 2 y (t )

x(t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t )
y (t )  t ( x1 (t )  x2 (t )) 2
y (t )  t ( x12 (t )  x22 (t )  2 x1 (t ) x2 (t ))  y1 (t )  y2 (t )  2tx1 (t ) x2 (t )  y1 (t )  y2 (t )
System is non linear
Slide # 19
Slide # 20
H.W (Linear / Non-linear)?
• y(t)=2x(t)+3

• y[n]=2x[n]+3
• Solve some DT examples for time variance and linearity.

Slide # 21
Interconnection of systems

Slide # 22
Systems models with respect to its description
• White box model
• All kind of mathematical and theoretical details
• Black box model
• No details
• Hybrid model
• Mix of white and black box model

Slide # 23
System model input and output description
• Analyze system
• To develop system equations by understanding its input and
output signals
• For electrical systems

Slide # 24