PEANUT AND MUNGBEAN

GROUP LEADER AND MEMBERS

INTRODUCTION

• Peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a legume crop

grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the
tropics and subtropics, being important to both small and large
commercial producers is a legume crop grown mainly for its
edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics,
being important to both small and large commercial
producers.Atypically among legume crop plants, peanut pods
develop underground (geocarpy) rather than aboveground. With
this characteristic in mind, the botanist Linnaeus named the
species hypogaea, which means "under the earth.Like most
other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in root nodules. This capacity to fix nitrogen means
peanuts require less nitrogen-containing fertilizer and also
improve soil fertility, making them valuable in crop rotations.
INTRODUCTION

Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts, such as walnuts and
almonds, and as a culinary nut are often served in similar ways in Western cuisines.
The botanical definition of a "nut" is a fruit whose ovary wall becomes hard at
maturity. Using this criterion, the peanut is not a typical nut.
BOTANY:
The leaves are opposite and pinnate with four leaflets two opposite pairs; no
terminal leaflet.Like many other legumes, the leaves are nyctinastic, that is, they
have "sleep" movements, closing at nightPeanut pods develop underground, an
unusual feature known as geocarpy. After fertilization, a short stalk at the base of
the ovary (termed a pedicel) elongates to form a thread-like structure known as a
"peg". This peg grows down into the soil, and the tip, which contains the ovary,
develops into a mature peanut pod. Pods are 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in) long, normally
containing one to four seeds.
CULTIVATION:
• Peanuts grow best in light, sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.9–7. Their
capacity to fix nitrogen means that, providing they nodulate properly,
peanuts benefit little or not at all from nitrogen-containing fertilizer,and
they improve soil fertility.
• They are valuable in crop rotations.
• To develop well, peanuts need warm weather throughout the growing
season.
• Depending on growing conditions and the cultivar of peanut, harvest is
usually 90 to 130 days after planting for subspecies A. h. fastigiata types,
and 120 to 150 days after planting for subspecies
VARIETIES:
• The recommended peanut varieties in the Philippines are as follows:
• UPL Pn-2 - 104-111 days
• UPL Pn-4 - 105-110 days
• UPL Pn-6 - 105-110 days
• UPL Pn-8 - 100-110 days
• BPI Pn-2 - 97-101 days
• UPL Pn-10 - 98-100 days
• PSB Pn-2 - 101-103 days
• PSB Pn-3 - 103-104 days
• ICGV 8848 -120 days
• ICGV 88392 -120 days
• ICGV 88406 -120 days
SEED SELECTION:
• Runner. Runner type has uniform medium-sized seeds, usually two seeds per pod, growing from a low bush.
Runner types are ready for harvest 130 to 150 days from planting. The uniform sizes of the seed make these a
good choice for roasting. Runner types are grown in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Texas.
• Spanish. Spanish type has small, roundish seeds covered with a reddish-brown skin, growing on a low bush.
Spanish types are ready for harvest 120 days from planting. The Spanish type peanut has high oil content and
is used to for oil, peanut butter, and snacks. Spanish type peanuts are commonly grown in Oklahoma, Texas,
and South Africa.
• Virginia. Virginia type has the largest seed of the four peanut types; the seed is most often roasted. There
are commonly two and sometimes three seeds per pod. The Virginia type peanut stands to 24 inches tall and
spreads to 30 inches wide and is ready for harvest 130 to 150 days from harvest. Virginia type peanuts are
mostly grown from southeastern Virginia into northeastern North Carolina.
• Valencia. Valencia type has three to six small, oval seeds crowded into each pod. Each seed is covered with
a bright-red skin. Valencia peanuts are often roasted in-the-shell or boiled fresh. The plants grow to about 50
inches tall and spread about 30 inches; most of the pods are clustered around the base of the plant. The
Valencia type is ready for harvest 95 to 100 days from planting. Most Valencia peanuts are grown in New
Mexico.
LAND PREPARATION
• Peanuts prefer a well-drained soil with a sandy or sandy-clay subsoil. The nut-forming pegs penetrate sandy soils
easily, but have trouble with clay soils. At harvesttime, sandy soils won't cling to the nuts, nor will pods be lost
because of heavy soil. However, you can grow peanuts in any type of soil if you carefully prepare the seedbed to
the point that it's loose and friable.
• The object of preparing the soil is to provide an ideal seed bed, control of weeds, facilitate infiltration of rains
and destroy insect pupae and fungi by exposing them to hot sun.
• The basic requirements for good seed germination, seedling emergence and root growth in terms of the soil
physical environment are adequate supply of moisture, oxygen, optimum soil temperature and freedom from
mechanical impedance. A seed bed with good tilth is, therefore essential for establishing optimum plant
population which is of utmost importance for obtaining high yields of groundnut.
• The type of preparation of soil for rainfed groundnut depends on rainfall and soil type. For kharif groundnut, land
should be prepared thoroughly with the receipt of summer showers. This will help in sowing the crop early in the
season well before the onset of monsoon.
• Preparation of good tilth is the most difficult step in rice fallow due to lack of proper drainage and short time
available for land preparation after harvesting the rice crop. Ploughing of wet soil leads to cloddy seed bed which
results in poor germination of seed and low plant population. Prepare the field into beds suitable for border strip
method of irrigation. This facilitates sowing with a seed drill and also saves the land lost under the bunds when
check basin method is adopted.
PLANTING:

• Choose a sunny location.

• Peanut plants require full sun in order to grow properly.

• Sun is important for the sake of photosynthesis, but full sun is advised because areas that receive full sun are likely to be the warmest in your garden. Peanut plants thrive in warm soil.

• Wait until after the last frost passes.

• Peanuts are fairly sensitive to frosts, so you should wait at least two to three weeks after the last suspected frost before you transplant any seedlings started indoors an outdoor garden.

• The same guideline applies if you are planting seed peanuts directly into an outdoor plot. Wait several weeks after the last frost passes. Otherwise, the seed peanuts will not germinate.

• The temperature of the soil should be about 65 degrees Fahrenheit (18.3 degrees Celsius), at minimum.

• Improve the soil quality, if necessary.

• The plant bed should be composed of loose, well-drained soil. If your soil is too heavy, you should add a few handfuls of sand to the soil to improve the quality and make it less dense. Dig and mix the
sand in with a small trowel.

• Avoid clay-type soils, which are hard to improve sufficiently.

• You could use aged compost, as well, but you should limit the amount you use since it could give off nitrogen. This would be beneficial for many plants, but peanuts produce their own nitrogen, and
adding more can be too much and ultimately stunt the growth of the plant.

• You may also need to balance the soil pH if it is too acidic. Do so by adding a small amount of agricultural lime to the soil and mixing it in thoroughly.

• Dig at least 6 inches (15.24 cm) down into the soil, even if the plant is not yet that deep.

• The roots need plenty of room to spread out. Digging into the soil helps to break up any compact areas, ultimately making it looser, and providing the roots the space they need.

• After digging into the soil, fill in the bottom of each hole with 2 inches (5 cm) or so of the loose soil. Otherwise, you may accidentally plant the seedling too deep.

• Plant the seedlings 10 inches (25 cm) apart.

• The stem and leaf portions should be above the ground, but the root system should be completely below ground.

• Fill in the rest of the hole gently with loose soil.

• If using a decomposable planter, place the entire thing in the ground. If not, gently squeeze the sides of you container to loosen its contents. Tip the container so that the plant, roots, and soil come
out in a clump in your hands. Transfer the entire clump to the outdoor plot.
TRANSPLANTING:
• Peanuts need full sun. If you have heavy soil, ensure good drainage by working in enough
organic matter to make it loose and friable.
• Peanut seeds come in their shells and can be planted hulled or unhulled. If you do shell
them, don’t remove the thin, pinkish-brown seed coverings, or the seed won’t
germinate.
• Northern growers should start a peanut plant indoors in a large peat pot a month before
the last frost. Sow seeds one inch deep, place in the sunniest spot possible, and water
weekly. Transplant peanut plant seedlings to the garden when the soil warms to between
60 and 70 degrees. Space transplants 10 inches apart, being careful not to damage or
bury the crown.
• In the South, plant outdoors around the date of the last expected frost. Space seeds 2
inches deep and 5 inches apart in rows 2 to 3 feet apart. Firm the soil and water well.
Thin plants to 10 inches apart.
WATER REQUIRMENTS:

Peanuts typically require from 16 to 30 inches (41 to 76 cm) of

water per season to produce top yields. This will vary depending on
the air and soil temperatures, humidity, radiation and wind.Because
of the uncertainties of the weather, producers need to have a
dependable water supply for their peanuts. Irrigation ensures that
water will be available at critical peanut growing stages
WATER MANAGEMENT:
Early season water requirements
The germination period is a critical time for water management. Seeds must absorb about 50% of their
weight in water before the germination process can proceed. Dry soils or drought conditions at this
time reduce germination and can cause significant delays in emergence. These delays can complicate
fullseason management, if the crop emerges over a very long period or fails to emerge at all.
Mid-season water requirements
Once plants reach the reproductive stage of development, water management becomes extremely
important. At this stage, soil moisture levels should not drop below 50 to 60% plant available water.
Irrigation provides a dependable water supply that improves blooming, pegging and pod set.
Late season water requirements
During maturation of the crop, water is not as critical and rainfall may be adequate. Plants have
moderate resistance to drought during maturation, and excessive moisture can promote plant
diseases.
CROP PROTECTION(INSECT PEST AND THEIR CONTROL)
1. Pod Borer (Helicoverpaarmigera)
Moths have a wing span of 40 millimeters; forewings are dull
brown. Larvae are dark greenish brown while the creamy eggs are laid
singly on young leaves and flower buds. It pupates in the soil.
Larvae feed on the foliage, preferably the flowers and buds. When
tender leaf buds are eaten, symmetrical holes or cuttings can be seen upon
unfolding of leaflets.
Control Measures:
a. Practice thorough land preparation by deep plowing alternated with
harrowing at weekly interval not only to eradicate weeds but also to
destroy and/or eradicate the pest.
b. Apply Trichogrammachilonis at 200 strips per hectare 40 and 50 days after planting peanut.
c. Conserve the natural bio-control population in the field such as spiders, long horned
grasshoppers, ants, ground beetle, predatory cricket, earwig, braconids, trichogramma.
d. Spray appropriate chemical insecticides following the recommended doses when only insect
population is above the economic threshold level (ETL).
2. Aphids (Aphis craccivora)
They are small-sized insects about 2 millimeters long; pear
shaped; green to greenish brown or greenish black; nymphs are dark
brown; adults are mostly wingless. It has 12-14 generations per year.
Larvae feed on the foliage, usually the flowers and buds.
Nymphs and adults suck plant sap from tender growing shoots,
flowers, causing stunting and distortion of the foliage and stems. They
excrete honeydew on which sooty molds flow forming a black coating.
Aphids are also known to transmit peanut stripe virus and peanut
rosette virus.
Control Measures:
a. Timely planting of the crop.
b. Use varieties which are densely hairy and with stiff leaves.
c. Handpick and destroy insect pests including affected plant parts.
d. Conserve natural enemies like flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird beetles (coccinellids),
praying mantis, green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grasshoppers and spiders.
e. Spray appropriate insecticide following recommended dosage on the label.
3. Termites (Odontotermesspp)
Termites favor red and sandy soils. These are social insects;
live in termitaria, in distinct castes, workers, kings and queen. Eggs are
laid on plants and in the soil. Workers' are small (4 millimeters) and
have soft, white body and brown head.
Termites penetrate and hollow out the tap root and stem thus
kill the plant. It bores holes into pods and damages the seed. It
removes the soft corky tissue between the veins of pods causing
scarification; weakens the shells that make them liable to entry and
growth of Aspergillusflavus that produces aflatoxins.
Control Measures:
a. Digging the termitaria and destruction of the queen is most important in termite management.
b. Use only well-decomposed organic manure.
c. Harvest the peanuts as soon as they are matured
d. Practice clean culture.
e. Irrigate the crop frequently during dry season.
f. Practice thorough land preparation by weekly interval of plowing and harrowing
g. Practice intercropping peanut with other non-legume crops.
h. Destroy debris, termite nests and queen.
i. Apply appropriate chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect population is
HARVEST:
Peanut should be harvested at the right stage of maturity. Harvesting is normally done by
passing a carabao drawn plow between furrows beforehand pulling or uprooting the plants, thus
it
is labor intensive. It requires 6 to23 man-days to harvest a hectare.
The maturity of peanut can be determined by the following indications: (a) gradual
withering and yellowing of the leaves of majority of the plants which are more noticeable during
dry season planting; (b) expected maturity date of varieties ranging from 90-140 days depending
on the type of the peanut variety and the planting season; (c) physiological maturity is also
indicated by hardness of most of the pods, 70-80% of pods have prominent veins, inner portion
of
the shell turns dark; vascular strands on the shell becomes more distinct seed coat has the color
of the genotype; and seed kernels are plump and full grown.
POST HARVEST:
For small scale production, peanut pods are picked by hand. Pods are immediately sun
dried to prevent deterioration. Picking is done in such a way that the peduncle (stem attached
to
the pod) does not go with the pod. The pods are then washed and the inferior, immature ones
are
separated from the mature and sound peanut pods. The plant residues are usually either left in
the
field to decompose or kept and used as animal fodder.
During wet season, farmers usually strip or thresh immediately after harvest so that peanut
pods can be immediately dried to the desired moisture content and prevent deterioration. For
dry
season crops, stripping is delayed because farmers windrow the plants in the field to reduce
plant
and pod moisture content. Stripping can be done manually or with a mechanical peanut stripper.
MUNGBEAN

The mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), also known as green

gram, is an important pulse crop providing vegetable
protein for people throughout Asia [1]. Mung bean is a
traditional food in China and is widely grown in
monoculture in dry and semi-dry regions, as well as being
used as an intercrop throughout much of the country
because of its drought tolerance and nitrogen-fixing soil
fertilization.
It is in the Legume family of plants and is closely related
to adzuki and cowpea (in the same genus but different
species). It is a warm season annual, highly branched
having trifoliate leaves like the other legumes.
BOTANY:
The stems are many-branched, sometimes twining at the tips. The
leaves are alternate, trifoliolate with elliptical to ovate leaflets.
CULTIVATE:
A warm humid climate with temperature ranging from 25⁰ C to 35⁰
C, with 400-550 mm rainfall, well distributed during the growing
period of 60 - 90 days, is suitable for cultivation. Mungbean is grown
on a wide range of soils including red laterite soils, black cotton
soils and sandy soils.
VARIETIES:
Pag-asa 1-57-59 days after emergence(DAE)
Pag-asa 3-63-73 DAE
Pag-asa 5-60–76 DAE
Pag-asa 7-62–74 DAE
Pag-asa 11 (PSB Mg 5)-60-61 DAE
Pag-asa 13 (NSIC Mg 8)-66 DAE
Pag-asa 15(NSIC Mg 9)-57–58 DAE
Pag-asa 17(NSIC Mg 10)-57-88 DAE
MG 50-10A (“Wonder”)-60-65 DAE
MD 15-2 (“Super”)-60-65 DAE
PSB Mg 2(“VC 3876” or Mabunga”)-61 DAE
PSB Mg 3 (“VC 2764 Y” or “Ginintuan”)-61 DAE
PSB Mg 6(“VC 3995” or “Centennial Mungo”)-60 DAE
PSB Mg 7(“VC 3737A” or “Mabunga 2”)-58 DAE
NSIC Mg 11 (“Kintab”)-58 DAE
NSIC Mg 14-58 DAE
NSIC Mg 17-56-58 DAE
SEED SELECTION:
Maturity, upright versus prostrate growth habits, small versus large
seed types and color of seed are important attributes to be
considered when selecting a variety. The sprouting industry desires
a superior germination rate of the seed to produce a thick, crisp,
white colored hypocotyl with a minimum of roots present. There are
varietal differences for several of these characteristics.
LAND PREPARATION:
For mungbean cultivation the soil should be loose and friable .Two
to three ploughing followed by cross ploughings and laddering are
essential for mungbean cultivation. The land should be well leveled
and free from weeds .
PLANTING:
• Mung beans grow well in full sun, about eight to 10 hours of daily sun, and loamy, well-drained
soil that has a pH of 5.8 to 7.0. The tender annual produces pods at or above foliage level,
which makes harvesting easy. Mung beans are resistant to most insect and disease problems.
• Loosen the top 6 inches of the planting site's soil. Sprinkle 4 inches of compost on top,
applying 1.2 cubic yards of compost per 100 square feet. Till the compost into the top 4
inches of soil.
• Soak the mung bean seeds in a cup of water for two to four hours. Put a few tablespoons of an
inoculant formulated for peas in a resealable plastic bag.
• Drain the water from the cup, then put the damp seeds in the bag of inoculant. Seal the bag
tightly. Shake the bag until the seed is evenly coated with the inoculant.
• Water the planting site's soil until it is evenly moist. Plant seed 1 to 2 inches deep in the damp
soil. Sow the seeds in 30-inch rows, spacing seeds two inches apart. Set rows two feet apart.
• Keep the soil evenly moist and free from weeds until germination.
WATER MANAGEMENT:
Mungbean is relatively tolerant to drought. However, it needs sufficientamount of water
during its critical stages of growth and development (germination, vegetative, flowering and
pod-
filling stages).
The daily water requirement of mungbean differs, depending on intensity of solar radiation
and rate of evaporation. In general, the crop requires 3.5 millimeters of water per day or about
410
millimeters per cropping season.
If there is residual rain and sufficient soil moisture, during the early dry season planting
(September-October), supplemental irrigation is not needed. On the other hand, late dry season
planting (January-March) requires irrigation at its various critical stages of development.
Overhead
sprinkler or furrow irrigation may be used to irrigate the field.
WATER REQUIRMENT:

The daily water requirement of mungbean differs, depending on

intensity of solar radiation and rate of evaporation. In general, the
crop requires 3.5 millimeters of water per day or about 410
millimeters per cropping season.
CROP PROTECTION (PESR AND THEIR CONTROL)
1.Bean fly (MelanagromyzasojaeZehntner) – the most destructive insect
pest in early vegetative stage. It inserts its eggs into the cotyledonary
leaves. The emerging larva tunnels from the leaves towards the stem
and pupate within the stem just slightly above the soil surface,
eventually causing wilting and stunting of the plants.
Control Measures:
a. Spray appropriate insecticide following the recommended dosage,
1-2 days after seedling emergence.
b. Biological control is recommended such as the application of
Trichogrammachilonis at the rate of 200 strips per hectare divided
into weekly application starting seven days after emergence up to
40 days.
c. Weekly spraying of naturally fermented solutions (NFS) is also recommended.
2. Aphids (Aphis glycinesMatsumura) – can damage
the young plants. It can also transmit deadly viruses.
Control Measures:
a. Spray appropriate insecticide directly to the
aphid colonies.
b. Biological control is also recommended such
as spraying of naturally-fermented solution,
and Effective Microorganisms 5 (EM5).
3. Pod borer (EtiellazinckenellaTreitschke) – lays its eggs on the
petals or sepals. The larva feeds on the flower buds or
immature seeds within the pods.
Control Measures:
a. Timely spraying of appropriate insecticide following the
recommended dosage indicated on the label.
b. Biological control such as
Trichogrammachilonisapplication, and weekly spraying of
naturally fermented solution and vermitea for preventive measure. Likewise, application of
assassin bug is also recommended at 1,000 bugs per hectare at the onset of flowering
4. Green Soldier Bug or stinkbugs (Nezaraviridula L.)- observed
unusually high populations of this pest (3-4 insects/meter row)
uniformly over an entire field when pods are still green.
Control Measures:
a. Spray infested crop with appropriate insecticides following the
recommended dosage.
b. Biological measures such as EM5, vermitea, and naturally
fermented solutions (NFS) sprayed at weekly interval are
recommended as preventive practice.
5. Bruchids (Callosobruchusmaculatus) - commonly called pulse
beetles or cowpea weevils. It attacks mungbean both in field and
storage but greater losses occur in the latter. The nutritional quality
of the grains deteriorates because of the infestation rendering
making them unmarketable.
Control Measures:
a. Maintain sanitation in the storage area by cleaning storage area
properly,
b. Dry the seeds well, and apply non-toxic chemicals such as vegetable oils.
c. Dried leaves of lagundi (Vitexnegundo L.) can be also used.
d. For seed purposes, treat the seeds with insecticide following recommended dosage.
e. Phosphine fumigation is the only chemical treatment approved for cowpea bruchid control.
HARVEST:
Mungbean is harvested by priming. Harvesting is done 60-70 days after planting. Mature pods
turn brown and then black. Begin harvesting as soon as 75% of the pods have dried up. Pick the
harvestable pods by hand. Repeat harvesting every 3 to 5 days. The number of primings (number
of harvesting) depends on the available soil moisture and fertility, and on the condition of the
crop.
Right after harvesting, sun-dry mungbean pods. When pods are sufficiently dry enough, thresh
by placing the dried pods in sack and beating it until all seeds severed from the pods. A
mechanical
rice thresher may be used for large scale production. Take precaution not to damage the
mungbean
seeds. Clean the seeds and sundry until 12% moisture content is reached.
POST HARVEST:
Store mungbean seeds in tight containers or in nylon/jute
sack. Store them in a cool, dry place protected from rodents.
Practice good sanitation to prevent storage pest infestation like
weevils. You can also mix dried neem seeds or leaves, or dried hot
pepper (silinglabuyo) with the mungbean seeds.
REFERENCES

• http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/nitrogen-application-groundnut
• https://www.ikisan.com/up-groundnut-nutrient-management.html
• https://www.ikisan.com/tn-groundnut-land-preparation.html
• https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/peanuts/watering-peanut-
plants.htm
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214514117300867
• http://taniabsmrau.blogspot.com/p/production-technology-of-mungbean.html?m=1
• Chadha, M. L. 2010. Short Duration Mungbean: A Success in South Asia. Asia-Pacific
Association of
• Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI). 55 p.
• PCARRD Handbook, 2002. Mungbean Varieties.11 pp.
THANK YOU