GROUP : 2

“UNIVERSE”
 COMPARE & CONTRAST THE MODEL AND
DESCRIPTION OF THE UNIVERSE BY
EUDOXUS , ARISTOTLE’S , PTOLEMY,
ARISTARCHUS AND COPERNICUS.
UNIVERSE
The universe is all of
space and time their contents
including planets , stars ,
galaxies and all other terms of
matter and energy. While the
spatial size of the entire universe
is unknown , it is possible to
 There are five models of
the universe by the
following scientists
namely “EUDOXUS , ARISTOTLE
, ARISTARCUS , PTOLEMY , AND
COPERNICUS”
EUDOXUS’ MODEL :
 Eudoxus was the first to save the
appearance that plato referred to using a
series of 27 concentric spheres on which the
sun , the moon , and the planets moved in
perfect circulation of motion.

 The breakdown of the 27spheres is a follows

one sphere for fixed stars , three spheres for
the sun , three spheres for the moon , and
four spheres for each of the five known
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL :
 The Aristotelian model used the 27 celestial
spheres of Eudoxus . In addition, Aristotle
used 27 buffering spheres between the
celestial spheres of Eudoxus and an
outermost sphere that was the domain of
what he called the Prime Mover.
 Aristotle divided the universe n to two
realm the “terrestrial and the celestial”.
 Below the moons orbit was the “terrestrial
realm” was composed of four primordial
 Above the moons orbit was the “celestial
realm” which consist of the fifth elements
called “aether or ether”.
 Aristotle’s model was based on the three
types of terrestrial motion the Natural ,
Violent , Alteration.
NATURAL MOTION :
is related to the tendency of an object to
seek its natural place in the universe.
VIOLENT MOTION :
can be compelled to move in unnatural
ways by the application of a force.
ALTERATION MOTION :
is the ability of an object to change. This
change can be generate , corruption or
alteration in quality.
- Generation is coming to be.
- Corruption passing away.
ARISTARHCUS MODEL :
Aristarchus of Samos a Greek
Astronomer and mathematician , who
presented the first known heliocentric
model that place the sun at the center
of the known UNIVERSE with the earth
evolving around it. He claim the sun,
not the earth, was the fixed center of
the universe, and that the earth, along
with the rest of the planets, revolving
PTOLEMY ‘ S MODEL :
The Greek mathematician Apollonius, known
in his time “The Great Geometer”, introduce the
idea of an epicycle to explain planetary
motion. An epicycle is a circle on which a
planet moves. The center of this small circle in
turn move around Earth along a bigger
circular path called the deferent. He define a
point on the other side of the deferent’s
center are called equant. The equant and the
center of earth are equidistant from the
PTOLEMY’S MODEL
COPERNICUS MODEL :
Nicolaus Copernicus asserted that earth
spin on its axis everyday and revolves around
the sun just like the other planets; only the
moon orbits in earth. He maintained the
concept of uniform circular motion and
Ptolemy’s epicycle. He give reasonable
explanations for the variation of brightness
of planets and their retrograde motions. His
model had two scientific flows .1. the absence
of the stellar paralax and 2. the lack of
COPERNICUS MODEL
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING AND MAY
GOD BLESS US ALL !!!!!!!!