Teori

Keperawatan
T. Pangandaheng., S.Kep., Ns., MSN
 Pendahuluan
• Setiap individu selalu berusaha untuk mencari hal-hal
yang baru atau pun menyempurnakan hal yang sudah
ada dan atau mereka ingin membuktikan kejadian-
kejadian yang ada di alam sekitamya.
• Mendapat pengalaman hidup dan bisa bermanfaat
berdasarkan hasil penelitian, serta konsep2.
Model teori / praktek keperawatan

1. Orang yang menerima asuhan keperawatan

2. Lingkungan (masyarakat)
3. Kesehatan (sehat/sakit, kesehatan dan penyakit)
4. Keperawatan dan peran perawat (tujuan/sasaran, peran
dan fungsi)
 Nursing theories
1. Environmental theory- Florence Nightingale
2. Complementary-Supplementary dari Henderson
3. Self Care Model dari Orem
4. Interpersonal Process Model dari Peplau
5. Health Care System Model dari Betty Newman
6. Adaptation Model dari Roy
7. Philosophy of Caring dari Jean Wtson
8. Cultural Care Theory dari madelline Leninger
 Florence
Nihgtingale
• In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her
“Environmental Theory” as “the act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him in his
recovery.”
• In the 1950s, there is a consensus among nursing
scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through
the production of its own scientifically tested body of
knowledge.
 Environmental Factors

1. Pure fresh air – “to keep the air he breathes as pure as the external air
without chilling him.”
2. Pure water – “well water of a very impure kind is used for domestic
purposes. And when epidemic disease shows itself, persons using such
water are almost sure to suffer.”
3. Effective drainage – “all the while the sewer maybe nothing but a
laboratory from which epidemic disease and ill health is being installed
into the house.”
4. Cleanliness – “the greater part of nursing consists in preserving
cleanliness.”
5. Light (especially direct sunlight) – “the usefulness of light in treating
disease is very important.”
 Virginia
Henderson
• Virginia Avenel Henderson (November 30, 1897 – March
19, 1996) was a nurse, theorist, and author known for
her Need Theory and defining nursing as: “The unique
function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in
the performance of those activities contributing to health or
its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform
unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.”
• Henderson is also known as “The First Lady of Nursing,”
“The Nightingale of Modern Nursing,” “Modern-
Day Mother of Nursing,” and “The 20th Century Florence
Nightingale.”
 Dorothea E.
Orem

Dorothea Elizabeth Orem (July 15, 1914 – June 22,

2007) was one of America’s foremost nursing theorists
who developed the Self-Care Nursing Theory, also
known as the Orem Model of Nursing.
Orem’s theory focuses on each “individual’s ability to perform
self-care, defined as ‘the practice of activities that individuals
initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life,
health, and well-being.'”
 Orem’s Self Care Theory
1. Self Care is an activity and initiative of the individual and is
carried out by the individual himself in fulfilling and
maintaining life, health and well-being.
2. Self Care Agency is an individual's ability to perform self-
care, which can be influenced by age, development,
sociocultural, health and others.
3. Self Care Demand demands or requests in self-care which
are independent actions carried out within a certain time for
self-care by using methods and tools in the right course of
action.
• Hildegard Elizabeth Peplau (September 1, 1909 – March
17, 1999) was an American nurse who is the only one to serve
the American Nurses Association (ANA) as Executive
Director and later as President. She became the first
published nursing theorist since Florence Nightingale.
• Peplau was well-known for her Theory of Interpersonal Relations,
which helped to revolutionize the scholarly work of nurses.
Her achievements are valued by nurses all over the world and
became known to many as the “Mother of Psychiatric
Nursing” and the “Nurse of the Century.”
 Betty Neuman

• Betty Neuman (1924 – present) is a nursing theorist who

developed the Neuman Systems Model. She gave many years
perfecting a systems model that views at patients holistically. She
inquired theories from several theorists and philosophers and
applied her knowledge in clinical and teaching expertise to come up
with the Neuman Systems Model that has been accepted, adopted,
and applied as a core for nursing curriculum in many areas around
the world.
• The Neuman Systems Model views the client as an open system
that responds to stressors in the environment. The client variables
are physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and
spiritual.
 Sister Callista
L. Roy
• Sister Callista L. Roy (born October 14, 1939-2007) is a
nursing theorist, profession, and author. She is known for her
groundbreaking work in creating the Adaptation Model of
Nursing.
• The Adaptation Model of Nursing is a prominent nursing
theory aiming to explain or define the provision of nursing
science. In her theory, Sister Callista Roy’s model sees the
individual as a set of interrelated systems who strives to
maintain a balance between various stimuli.
 Jean Watson’s
Caring Theory
• Jean Watson (June 10, 1940 – present) is an American
nurse theorist and nursing professor who is well known
for her “Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.” She
has also written numerous texts, including Nursing: The
Philosophy and Science of Caring. Watson’s study on
caring has been integrated into education and patient
care to various nursing schools and healthcare facilities
all over the world.
Jean Watson’s Caring Theory
• According to Watson’s theory, “Nursing is concerned with
promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and
restoring health.” It focuses on health promotion, as well as
the treatment of diseases. According to Watson, caring is
central to nursing practice, and promotes health better
than a simple medical cure.
Madeleine M. Leininger
– The Founder of
Transcultural Nursing
• Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012) was
an internationally known educator, author, theorist,
administrator, researcher, consultant, public speaker and the
developer of the concept of transcultural nursing that has a
great impact on how to deal with patients of different culture
and cultural background.
• She is a Certified Transcultural Nurse, a Fellow of the Royal
College of Nursing in Australia, and a Fellow of the
American Academy of Nursing. Her theory is now a nursing
discipline that is an integral part of how nurses practice in the
healthcare field today.
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