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KOREKSI Histogram shifting

RADIOMETRIK CITRA Atmospheric correction

RADIASI GEM PADA PJ
Sun

Sun

R.S. Instrument

Instrument P.J

Atmosperic absortion

Penyerapan oleh atmosfir

Scattered
radiation
Atmospheric
Radiasi yang disebarkan emission

Pancaran atmosfir
Direct
Awan Cloud radiation Thermal

Radiasi langsung
emission

Pancaran thermal
Radiasi dibelokkan
Scattered Reflected
radiation radiation

Bumi
EARTH Proses pemantulan
Reflection processes Proses pemancaran
Emission processes
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KOREKSI CITRA
Mengapa citra perlu dilakukan koreksi ???

KOREKSI GEOMETRIK KOREKSI RADIOMETRIK

• Geometric correction : conversion of • Radiometric Correction : removal of

data to ground coordinates by sensor or atmospheric 'noise', to
removal of distortions from sensor more accurately represent ground
geometry conditions - improve image‘fidelity’:
• enable mapping relative to data layers • correct data loss
• enable mosaicking and comparison • remove haze
• enable mosaicking and comparison

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RADIOMETRIC CORRECTION
Apa yang anda ketahui untuk teknik koreksi radiometric ???

HISTOGRAM SHIFTING KOREKSI ATMOSFER

• Perbaikan nilai DN / BV citra dengan • Nilai DN dikonversi menjadi nilai

melakukan proses shifting pada nilai radians dan reflectance.
histogram. • Efek atmosfer direduksi dengan
• Perlu diingat bahwa perekaman beberapa parameter yang telah
citra yang optimal sesuai dengan ditentukan.
nilai min max dari bit-nya. • Top of Atmosphere, Surface
Reflectance

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HISTOGRAM SHIFTING
Clear Atmosphere

Cloud shadowed region and water

Narrow range of bodies have very low reflectance
brightness values in infrared bands. This should give
a peak near zero on the histogram.
Small atmospheric
contribution to
The shifted peak is due to
brightness the low reflectance regions
with atmospheric scattering.

A correction can be obtain by

removing this value from
all pixels.
This method is called the
Brightness values Histogram Minimum Method (HMM)

Darkest values near zero

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HISTOGRAM SHIFTING

Hazy Atmosphere

Wide range of
brightness values
In this case, the minimum
Added brightness
of atmosphere value is higher, and the
histogram shape has changed

Brightness values

Darkest values far from zero

Campbell 10.4

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Typical histogram manipulation algorithms:
Histogram Equalisation
Attempt is made to ‘equalise’
the frequency distribution across
the full DN range

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Typical histogram manipulation algorithms:
Histogram Equalisation
Attempt to split the histogram into
‘equal areas’

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Typical histogram manipulation algorithms:
Histogram Equalisation
Resultant histogram uses DN range
in proportion to frequency of
occurrence

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HISTOGRAM SHIFTING : STRETCH DATA

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KOREKSI ATMOSFER
The value recorded at a given pixel includes not only
the reflected radiation from the surface, but the
radiation scattered and emitted by the atmosphere as
well

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KOREKSI ATMOSFER
Most image processing software packages have
radiometric and atmospheric correction tools

Landsat 8 Image Before (left) Landsat 8 After Correction (right)

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PROSEDUR KONVERSI
DN (raw value
from the sensor)

Convert DNs to radiance

based on the rescaling factors At-sensor
provided in the metadata file radiance

Requires additional information:

Earth-sun distance, Solar zenith Top of the
angle, exoatmospheric irradiance. Atmosphere
(TOA) Reflectance
Often found in metadata.

Requires knowledge of
atmospheric conditions and Surface
aerosol properties at the time the Reflectance
image was acquired
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 KONVERSI DN KE RADIANS DAN REFLECTANCE
• Radiance: This option is available if the image has gains and offsets for each
band. ENVI reads these values from metadata from the sensors listed above.
Radiance is computed using the following equation:

• Reflectance: Top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance (0 to 1.0). This option is

available if the image has gains, offsets, solar irradiance, sun
elevation, and acquisition time defined in the metadata. ENVI reads these
values from metadata from the sensors listed above.
• If the input file contains metadata for reflectance gains and offsets, ENVI uses
those values to calibrate the data to TOA reflectance. With Landsat-8 files,
ENVI scales the reflectance gains and offsets by the sine of the sun elevation.
• If the input file does not contain metadata for reflectance gains and offsets,
ENVI computes TOA reflectance using the following equation:

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FLAASH SETTING
• If you are calibrating an image for input into FLAASH, click the Apply FLAASH
Settings button. This will create a radiance image with the following properties, which
are required for input into FLAASH:
• BIL interleave
• Floating-point data type
• Scale factor of 0.1. This scales the output to units of µW/(cm2 * sr * nm).

Scene and sensor details give FLAASH an approximation of the sun's position relative to
the surface.
• If the input scene has map information, the Lat and Lon fields will automatically populate with
the scene center coordinates. If no map information is available, enter the latitude and
longitude of the scene center, respectively, using negative values for Southern and Western
Hemispheres. To toggle between decimal degrees and degrees/minutes/seconds, click DD <-
> DMS.
• Click Sensor Type and select the name of the sensor that collected the input radiance image.
The input parameters dialog changes slightly when switching between Multispectral and
Hyperspectral sensor types. For spaceborne sensors, a default Sensor Altitude (km) is
automatically set according to the sensor type.

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Select Atmospheric Model Options

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The Water Retrieval options are as follows:
• Yes: Perform water retrieval. From the Water Absorption Feature drop-down list,
select the water feature you wish to use. The 1135 nm feature is recommended if the
appropriate bands are available. If you select 1135 nm or 940 nm, and the feature is
saturated due to an extremely wet atmosphere, then the 820 nm feature is
automatically used in its place if bands spanning this region are available.
• Tip: When performing a water retrieval on multispectral image data, use
the Multispectral Settings dialog to manually set the water bands.
• No: Use a constant column water vapor amount for all pixels in the image. In this
case, the column water vapor amount is determined according to the standard
column water vapor amount for the selected Atmospheric Model, multiplied by an
optional Water Column Multiplier. Set the Water Column Multiplier value
accordingly.
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SELECT AEROSOL OPTIONS
Click the Aerosol Model drop-down list and select one of the standard MODTRAN
aerosol/haze types.
Note: The choice of model is not critical if the visibility is high (for example, greater
than 40 km).
The model choices are as follows:
• Rural: Represents aerosols in areas not strongly affected by urban or industrial
sources. The particle sizes are a blend of two distributions, one large and one
small.
• Urban: A mixture of 80% rural aerosol with 20% soot-like aerosols, appropriate
for high-density urban/industrial areas.
• Maritime: Represents the boundary layer over oceans, or continents under a
prevailing wind from the ocean. It is composed of two components, one from sea
spray and another from rural continental aerosol (that omits the largest particles).
• Tropospheric: Applies to calm, clear (visibility greater than 40 km) conditions
over land and consists of the small-particle component of the rural model.

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AEROSOL RETRIEVAL
Click the Aerosol Retrieval drop-down list and select an option:
None: When you select this option, the value in the Initial Visibility
(km) field is used for the aerosol model (described in the following
section).
• 2-Band (K-T): Use the aerosol retrieval method. If no suitable
dark pixels are found, then the value in the Initial Visibility field is
used.
• 2-Band Over Water: Use this setting for maritime scenes.

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TUGAS MINGGU 6
• Lakukan koreksi radiometric metode histogram shifting pada citra
Landsat 8 dan Landsat 7.
• Lakukan kalibrasi radiometric (konversi DN ke radians dan reflectance)
pada Landsat 8.
• Lakukan proses FLAASH pada Landsat 8 (Hasil berupa SR FLAASH). *jika
memungkinkan
• Ambil sampel : (menggunakan cursor value atau crosshairs)
• 3 sampel AIR
• 3 sampel URBAN
• 3 sampel Vegetasi
Bandingkan nilai reflectance yang diperoleh dari reflectance. Buat
dalam grafik spectral signature.

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 PRAKTIKUM
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THANK YOU
LABORATORIUM XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX
FOTOGRAMETRI DAN labfotri@gmail.com
PENGINDERAAN JAUH www.labgeoinformatika.ft.ugm.ac.id (coming soon)

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