Feedback Control

System
Sessional Criteria :
Assignments (Mini project) 10 marks

Viva 10 marks
Feedback Control System:

Control : The word control is usually taken to mean regulate,

direct, or command. The word control means that the output is to
be adjusted as desired
System :A system is an arrangement, set, or collection of
things connected or related in such a manner as to form an
entirety or whole.
Examples of mechanical systems include levers, gears and
shafts.
An electronic system is a system that employs electronic signals
to control devices, such as radios, calculators, video game
machines, mobile phones, portable computers.
Control System
A control system is an arrangement of physical components
connected or related in such a manner as to command, direct, or
regulate itself or another system

Feedback Control System: A system that maintain a prescribed

relationship between the output and the reference input by
comparing them and using the difference as a mean of control is
called feedback control system
Example :
Control System:
A control system is any system which takes a certain inputs and
gives certain outputs is called a control system.
 Examples of Control System:

Electric Switch:

An electric switch is a manufactured control system,

controlling the flow of electricity.
Flipping the switch on or off may be considered as the input.
That is, the input can be in one of two states, on or off. The
output is the flow or non flow (two states) of electricity
The electric switch is one of the most rudimentary control
systems.
Biological Control System:

The basic components of this intentionally oversimplified control

system description are the brain, arm , hand, and eyes.
The brain sends the required nervous system signal to the arm and hand
to reach for the object. This signal is amplified in the muscles of the
arm and hand, which serve as power actuators for the system. The eyes
are employed as a sensing device, continuously “feeding back” the
position of the hand to the brain.
Hand position is the output for the system. The input is object position
Tank filling Control system:
Temperature controlled system:
Block diagram of temperature control system:
Examples of Modern Control Systems

(a) Automobile
steering control
system.
(b) The driver uses
the difference
between the
actual and the
desired direction
of travel
to generate a
controlled
adjustment of the
steering wheel.
(c) Typical
direction-of-travel
response.
 OPEN-LOOP AND CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS:
An open-loop control system is one in which the control action is
independent of the output.
( a ) automatic washing machine,
( b ) automatic toaster, ( c ) voltmeter ,(d) Traffic lights control

A closed-loop control system is one in which the control action is

somehow dependent on the output.

Most automatic toasters are open-loop systems because they are

controlled by a timer. The time required to make ‘‘good toast” must be
estimated by the user, who is not part of the system .

An autopilot mechanism and the airplane it controls is a closed-loop

(feedback) control system. Its purpose is to maintain a specified airplane
heading, despite atmospheric changes. It performs this task by continuously
measuring the actual airplane heading, and automatically adjusting the
airplane control surfaces
(rudder, etc.)
Close Loop System:
Open Loop System:
Advantages:
Simplicity and stability: They are simpler in their layout and hence are
economical and stable too due to their simplicity.
Construction: Since these are having a simple layout so are easier to
construct.
Disadvantages:
Accuracy and Reliability: since these systems do not have a feedback
mechanism, so they are very inaccurate in terms of result output and hence
they are unreliable too.
Due to the absence of a feedback mechanism, they are unable to remove the
disturbances occurring from external sources.
Closed Loop System:
Advantages:
Accuracy: They are more accurate than open loop system due to their
complex construction. They are equally accurate and are not disturbed in the
presence of non-linearities.
Noise reduction ability: Since they are composed of a feedback
mechanism, so they clear out the errors between input and output signals, and
hence remain unaffected to the external noise sources

Disadvantages:
Construction: They are relatively more complex in construction and
hence it adds up to the cost making it costlier than open loop system.
Since it consists of feedback loop, it may create oscillatory response of the
system and it also reduces the overall gain of the system.
Stability: It is less stable than open loop system but this disadvantage can
be striked off since we can make the sensitivity of the system very small so
as to make the system as stable as possible.
Comparison of open loop and close loop
system
 1. An open loop system has the ability
to perform accurately, if its calibration
is good . If the calibration is not
perfect its performance will go down.
2. It is easier to build.
3. In general it is more stable as the
feedback is absent.
4. If non- linearity’s a re present; the
system operation is not good.
5. Feed back is absent.
Example:
(i) Traffic Control System.
(ii) Control of furnace for coal heating.
(iii) An Electric Washing Machine
1. A closed loop system has got the ability
to perform accurately because of the
feed back.
2. It is difficult to build.
3. Less Stable Comparatively.
4. Even under the presence of
non-linearity’s th e system o p erates
better than open loop system.
5. Feed back is present.
Example:
(i) Pressure Control System.
(ii) Speed Control System.
(iii) Robot Control System.
(iv) Temperature Control System
Control System Design Cycle