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Biomarker
Biomarker
• Iskemia koroner
• hipertensi
• kardiomiopat
Gagal
• Penyakit katup jantung
• Kongenital
Jantung
• Penyakit genetk
2. Oxidative stress*†§
Oxidized low-density lipoproteins
Myeloperoxidase
Urinary biopyrrins
Urinary and plasma isoprostanes
Plasma malondialdehyde
Extracellular-matrix remodeling*†§
3. Matrix metalloproteinases
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
Collagen propeptides
Propeptide procollagen type I
Plasma procollagen type III
4. Neurohormones*†§
Norepinephrine
Renin
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Arginine vasopressin
Endothelin
5. Myocyte injury*†§
Cardiac-specific troponins I and T
Myosin light-chain kinase I
Heart-type fatty-acid protein
Creatine kinase MB fraction
6. Myocyte stress†‡§¶
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
Midregional fragment of proadrenomedullin
ST2
7. New biomarkers†
Chromogranin
Galectin 3
Osteoprotegerin
Adiponectin
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15)