HIV (Human

Immunodeficiency Virus )
KELOMPOK :
1. D E S Y P U S P I T A S A R I
2. I N D A H S A R I
3. R E N I H A Y A T I A .
4. R O R O A S I H S .
A. BACKGROUND
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the
immune system and usually attacks CD4 cells (Cluster of
Differentiation 4), resulting in a decrease in the body's defense
system. The speed of HIV production is related to the health
status of people infected with the infection. HIV is generally
transmitted through sexual intercourse, blood, semen, and vaginal
secretions.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a collection of
clinical symptoms that are the end result of HIV infection and
indicate long-standing HIV infection. Ongoing virus replication
results in increasingly severe damage to the immune system and
susceptibility to infections. Infections that arise as a result of
immune system disorders are called opportunistic infections.
DEFINITION
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that
can cause AIDS. This virus attacks humans and attacks
the immune system, so the body becomes weak in fighting
off infections that cause immune system deficiency.
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus or HIV virus as it is
commonly known is a unique type of virus (a retrovirus).
The human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that
causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a
condition in humans in which progressive failure of the
immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic
infections and cancers to thrive.
ETIOLOGY
HIV was first discovered in 1983 as a retrovirus and
called HIV 1. In 1986 in Africa a new retrovirus was
discovered which was named HIV 2. HIV 2 was
considered a less pathogenic virus compared to HIV, so
to make it easier both were called HIV.
AIDS can affect all age groups, including infants, men
and women. High risk groups include homosexual or
bisexual men, people receiving intravenous medications,
sex partners of AIDS sufferers, recipients of blood or
blood products (transfusions) and infants of infected
mothers or fathers.
 ANATOMY OF PHYSIOLOGY

Immunity is the body's ability to protect itself by

holding or removing foreign objects (such as
bacteria or viruses) or abnormal cells (cancer
cells) that are potentially harmful. Immunity
includes innate immune responses and acquired
(adaptive) immune responses.

Leukocytes and their derivatives are the main

effector cells of the immune system and are
strengthened by a number of different plasma
proteins. Leukocytes include neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and
lymphocytes.
ANATOMY OF PHYSIOLOGY. CONT.
1. Default Immunity
The innate immune response includes inflammation,
interferon, natural killer cells (NK), and the complement
system.

2. Obtained Immunity (Adaptive)

Adaptive immune response is immunity mediated by
antibodies carried out by plasma cells which are derived
from B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T
cells).
PATOFISIOLOGY
STAGE 1 - PRIMARY

• Short, flu-like illness -

occurs one to six weeks
after infection
• Mild symptoms
• Infected person can infect
other people
STAGE 2 - ASYMTOMATIC

• Lasts for an average of ten

years
• This stage is free from
symptoms
• There may be swollen glands
• The level of HIV in the blood
drops to low levels
• HIV antibodies are detectable
in the blood
STAGE 3 - SYMTOMATIC

• The immune system

deteriorates
• Opportunistic infections and
cancers start to appear.
STAGE 4 – HIV AIDS

The immune system weakens

too much as CD4 cells
decrease in number.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
HIV / AIDS management consists of treatment, care /
rehabilitation and education.

Treatment
Treatment of HIV / AIDS is directed against the HIV virus,
opportunistic infections, secondary cancers, immune status,
symptomatic and supportive.
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation is aimed at people or AIDS patients and family or
people closest.
CONT.
. Provision of antiretroviral drugs
ARVs can be given when the patient is ready for lifelong
medical adherence. Indications of starting ARVs when the
patient has stage IV (AIDS) regardless of CD4, stage III,
pulmonary TB, pneumonia, and stage I and II if CD4 <350.

Education
Education on the problem of HIV / AIDS aims to educate
patients and their families about how to deal with living with
AIDS
 COMPLICATIONS
Oral Lesions

Neurologic

Gastrointestinal : Diarrhea

respiratory failure.

herpes simplex and zoster

otitis media