PRESENTATION FOR SAKSHAM TRAINING

ON
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
PRESENTED BY ESWARAMMA
 Agenda

First Aid
Cardiovascular System
CPR
 FIRST AID
 Why First Aid?
 Scenarios where first aid is required
 Primitive measures taken in first aid

WHY FIRST AID?

 First aid is done to patient before doctor comes.
 To preserve life.
 To promote recovery.
 To prevent seriousness of the injury.
SCENARIOS WHERE FIRST AID IS REQUIRED?
 In any medical emergency, first aid must be done to the victim to
reduce the seriousness before the victim is attended by a doctor.
 Scenarios :
 Wounds/Injuries
 Burns
 Asphyxia
 Shock
 CPR
 Poison
 Fractures
 Bandages
 WOUNDS
What is wound?
A breakage in the continuity of the tissues of the body to allow
flow of blood and gain entrance of the disease producing germs.
Wounds are classified into four types.
 INCISED – A clean cut with a sharp instrument bleed freely
 LASCERATED – Caused by animal claws or piece of shell irregular

shape.
 PUNCTURED – Caused by gun shot or with deep openings.
 CONTUSED – Caused by blunt instrument bruising of tissues.
WOUNDS
 First Aid for treatment for the wounds:
 Allow the victim to lies down to keep the blood
flow less.
 Apply pressure to reduce the blood flow.
 Ifany foreign body is present try to remove, if
not carefully press alongside the wound by
applying rig pad and bandages.
 Don’t wash wounds with soap or water as dry
wounds heal quicker , dry dressings preferable
to wet ones.
WOUNDS
 Do’s and don'ts in dressing of wounds:
 Do apply a dry, sterile dressing.
 Do not touch wounds with hand, mouth and
cloths.
 Do not try to wash the wounds.
 Donot allow the dry dressing to slip around
adjacent dirty skin.
 Do not pour strong anti-septics on the wound.
 Donot apply wet dressing, if s sterile dry
dressing is available.
Internal bleeding
Internal bleeding from various parts of the body and
their first aid treatment:

Internal bleeding :
This is where the blood vessels are broken but the skin is not, so
the person is bleeding under the skin. Injured organs will result in
internal bleeding.

Causes : Usually physical trauma, being hit, falling. Very common

in accidents.
Signs/Symptoms:
1. Bruising, pain
2. Tenderness
3. There may be blood in their spit, vomit, or urine.
Internal bleeding
Common sites for internal bleeding

1. Head: – The blood leaks out of vessels in the:

A. Brain matter itself.
B. between layers of brain covering.
C. Just below the skull bone.
2. Trunk:
A. Chest region in layers of pleura due to fracture of ribs
etc.
B. Abdomen: In the abdominal cavity, usually due to
rupture of spleen or liver caused by severe blow a blunt
object.
3. Lower Abdomen:
A. Urinary bladder may rupture in cases of fractures of pelvis.
Internal bleeding
 Internal bleeding which may become visible
 From the lungs – Blood is coughed up. It is bright red
and frothy.
 From the stomach – Blood is vomited. It is usually dark.
 From upper intestines – Black blood in stools.
 From lower intestines – fresh blood in stools.
 From the kidneys – “Smoky “ urine pain is present in
kidney area.
 From the bladder – Blood present in urine which is
passed with difficulty
 From the left skull – Blood from the ear channel.
Internal bleeding
 General First-Aid
 Keep the patient absolutely quite.
 Keep the part concerned at rest.
 Apply cold over the part.
 Keep the patient warm.
 Do not give anything to eat or drink especially if chest or
abdomen is involved.
 Arrange immediate and safe transportation to hospital.
Burns
 When the skin comes in contact with something hot, it may be damaged, with
death of cells in the skin.
 Burns are Majorly happens in 2 types by dry(BURNS) and wet(SCALDS)
 Burns caused by
 Naked Fire
 Hot molten ( Metal )
 Electricity or lightning
 Acids and other corrosive chemicals.
 Scalds caused by
 Boiling water
 Steam
 Boiled Oil
 Hot tar
Burns
 DEGREES OF BURNS
 1st Degree: Superficial - redness of skin without blisters (20%-40%)
 2nd Degree: Partial thickness skin damage - blisters present (40%-60%)
 3rd Degree: Full thickness skin damage - skin is white and leathery
(60%-70%)
 4th Degree: Same as third degree but with damage to deeper structures
such as tendons, joints and bone (70%-above)
Burns & Scalds samples
TREATMENT FOR BURNS AND
SCALDS
To treat a burn, follow the first aid advice below:
 immediately get the person away from the heat source to stop the burning
 cool the burn with cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes – don't
use ice, iced water, or any creams or greasy substances such as butter
 remove any clothing or jewelry that's near the burnt area of skin, including
babies' nappies - but don't move anything that's stuck to the skin
 make sure the person keeps warm – by using a blanket, for example, but
take care not to rub it against the burnt
 Give fluids, by mouth in sips or by teaspoons
 Anti-shock solution, made by adding one tea-spoonful of bicarbonate of soda,
two teaspoon full of common salt to 4 pints of water. Up to a pint can be given
in one hour.
 But do not give any fluid by mouth if the causality is unconscious.
ASPHYXIA
 What causes asphyxia?
 Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of severely deficient supply of
oxygen to the body that arises from abnormal breathing. An example of
asphyxia is choking.
 Symptoms of asphyxia
 Veins on the neck and finger tips turn blue and face turns congestion.
 Feel of pulse is slow and irregular at the wrist ( Radial Pulse)
 Treatment for the ASPHYXIA
 First try the Heimlich maneuver, grasping the victim from behind with
hands linked in front and compressing the abdomen just below the ribs.
Encourage victim to cough up foreign objects in throat; as a last resort,
rap victim between shoulder blades to dislodge object. For asphyxia
caused by gas or fumes, remove victim to a clear atmosphere; use
artificial respiration.
ASPHYXIA
SHOCK
 Shock (not to be confused with emotional shock) is a life-threatening
condition which happens when the body isn’t getting enough flow of blood.
 This means that the cells don’t get enough oxygen to enable them to work
properly, which can lead to damage of the vital organs like the brain and
the heart.
 Shock can be caused by anything that reduces the flow of blood, including:
• heart problems, such as a heart attack, or heart failure
• severe internal or external bleeding
• loss of body fluids, from dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting or burns
• severe allergic reactions and severe infection
 If someone has any of the conditions above, which can reduce the
circulation or blood flow, they could develop shock, so you may need to
treat them for this condition as well.
SHOCK
 Symptoms to look for:
 If you think somebody could be suffering from shock, there are seven
key things to look for:
 1. Paleness of the face (pallor)
 2. Cold, clammy skin (sweat skin)
 3. Fast, shallow breathing
 4. Fast, weak pulse
 5. Vomits
 6. Nausea
 7. Loss of response/Unconsciousness (in extreme cases)
SHOCK
 Lay them down with their head low and legs raised and supported, to
increase the flow of blood to their head. Do not raise an injured leg.
 Call Emergency (108)for medical help and say you think they are in
shock, and explain what you think caused it (such as bleeding or a heart
attack).
 Loosen any tight clothing around the neck, chest and waist to make sure
it doesn’t constrict their blood flow
 Fear and pain can make shock worse, by increasing the body’s demand
for oxygen, so while you wait for help to arrive, it’s important to keep
them comfortable, warm and calm. Do this by covering them with a coat
or blanket and comforting and reassuring them
 Keep checking their breathing, pulse and level of response.
 If they become unresponsive at any point, open their airway, check their
breathing, and prepare to treat someone who has become unresponsive.
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
 If the person is not breathing, the first aider will need to perform CPR.
 There are two main steps in CPR: Applying chest compressions and
then providing breaths.
 Apply 30 chest compressions:
 The first aider should kneel next to the person who is injured. They should
be lying on their back.
 For adults, place the heel of one hand in the middle of the chest. Place
your other hand on top of the first hand and interlace the fingers.
 Push the chest down about 1.5 to 2 inches. If the person is a child aged
between 1 and 8 years, compress to a maximum of 1.5 inches with one
hand. Let go, and wait for the chest to come back up completely before
repeating. Your elbows must remain straight throughout.
 Push the breastbone up and down to a depth of about 5 cm about 30
times, at a pulse rate of 100 beats per minute.
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
 Provide two breaths:
 Make sure the airway is open, and pinch the nose so it closes.
 Gently raise the chin upwards with two fingers of your other hand.
 Take a deep breath, seal your mouth over that of the person with the injury, and exhale
into the airway.
 You should see the chest rise and fall.
 To get another breath, lift your head and breathe in deeply. Perform steps 1, 2, 3, and 4
again.
 Repeat the 30 chest compressions followed by the two breaths about five times, and
then check for normal breathing. If they are not breathing normally, carry on performing
CPR. If breathing restarts as normal, stay with the injured person until help arrives.
 Chest compressions alone can be lifesavers – the crucial factor is time. Make sure you
respond quickly.
 It is important not to let your hands bounce when performing chest compressions. Make
sure the heel of your hand is touching the chest throughout chest compressions.
 You might hear some pops and snaps during chest compressions. These are
normal, so do not stop.
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Poisons
 Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various
drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases.
 Animal Bites
 Snake Bites
 ETC…
 When to suspect poisoning
 Poisoning signs and symptoms can mimic other conditions, such as seizure, alcohol
intoxication, stroke and insulin reaction. Signs and symptoms of poisoning may include:
 Burns or redness around the mouth and lips
 Breath that smells like chemicals, such as gasoline or paint thinner
 Vomiting
 Difficulty breathing
 Drowsiness
 Confusion or other altered mental status
 If you suspect poisoning, be alert for clues such as empty pill bottles or packages, scattered
pills, and burns, stains and odors on the person or nearby objects. With a child, consider the
possibility that he or she may have applied medicated patches or swallowed a button battery.
Poisons
 What to do while waiting for help
 Take the following actions until help arrives:
 Swallowed poison. Remove anything remaining in the person's mouth. If the
suspected poison is a household cleaner or other chemical, read the
container's label and follow instructions for accidental poisoning.
 Make the patient vomit by giving him 5/6 glasses of soapy water or salt-water,
if he is in conscious condition. If he is in semi conscious condition vomiting can
be encouraged by tickling back of throat with figure or rolled piece of paper.
 Poison on the skin. Remove any contaminated clothing using gloves. Rinse
the skin for 15 to 20 minutes in a shower or with a hose.
 Poison in the eye. Gently flush the eye with cool or lukewarm water for at
least 15 minutes or until help arrives.
 Inhaled poison. Get the person into fresh air as soon as possible.
 If the person vomits, turn his or her head to the side to prevent choking.
Animal Bites
 Animal bites and scratches  that break the skin can sometimes cause infection. Some
bites need stitches while others heal on their own.
 Dog Bites
 Puncture wounds caused by dogs are considered to have the higher risk of infection because
dog teeth can cause slightly big and deep puncture wounds. It can be more infectious than
bite by small animal.
 Infection from dog bites is caused by bacteria or virus.
 The bacteria can be found in the mouth or saliva of the dog. The bacteria then enter the
wound after being on the skin. It can also be present in the environment, to diagnose infection
from the dog bite,
 Hence there are two types of dangers by dog bites i.e.-
 Tetanus-It is a bacterial disease affecting the central nervous system, can develop from the
bacteria. This is a serious condition. Puncture wounds from dog or some other animal bites  are
most likely to lead to tetanus. Clostridium Tetani, a bacteria that causes Tetanus. Click to 
follow the tetanus symptoms and prevention in the patient .
 Rabies-Yes! The another and most life threatening danger is Rabies. Not even street dogs but
even domestic dogs can also cause rabies infections if not vaccinated or already get infected
by rabies virus. - Seek medical attention immediately if bite breaks the skin’s surface.
Dog bites

Normal Dog Rabies Dog

Dog Bites
 7 steps to treating a dog bite
 If a dog bites you, take these steps right away:
 Press on the wound gently to cause some bleeding to help flush out
as much bacteria as possible.
 Wash the wound with mild soap and water.
 Slow the bleeding with a clean cloth.
 Apply over-the counter antibiotic cream if you have it.
 Wrap the wound in a sterile bandage. Keep the wound bandaged and
see your doctor.
 Change the bandage several times a day once your doctor has
examined the wound.
 Watch for signs of infection, including redness, swelling, increased
pain and fever.
Snake Bites
 Snake bites need to be identified before treating
 Poisons or non-poisons snakes
 Symptoms of venomous snake bites (poisons)
 Venomous snakes have two fangs that deliver venom when they bite. A
venomous snake bite will usually leave two clear puncture marks. In contrast, a
nonvenomous bite tends to leave two rows of teeth marks.
 two puncture wounds
 swelling and pain around the bite area
 redness and bruising around the bite area
 numbness of the face, especially in the mouth
 elevated heart rate
 difficulty breathing
 dizziness
 Weakness etc….
Snake Bites
 Symptoms of nonvenomous snake bites
 Nonvenomous snakes do not produce toxins. Unlike venomous snakes,
they do not have fangs. Instead, they have rows of teeth.
 pain near the bite area
 bleeding
 swelling and redness near the bite area
 itching near the bite area
 Do not:
 Attempt to catch the snake
 Cut open a bite wound
 Try to suck out venom
 Apply a tourniquet or ice
 Immerse the wound in water
Snake Bites
 First aid for snake bits:
 Apply a constrictive bandage on the heart side of the bite.
 Bate the wound if available , water made dark red with
permanganate of potash should be used.
 Keep the causality absolutely at rest.
 Give warm tea or coffee and keep him warm.
 Should breathing fail, apply artificial respiration.

Jaw of poisonous snake Jaw of non poisonous snake

Fractures
 A fracture is a broken bone.
 If the bone is not reset correctly, the healing process will keep the
bone in its deformed position.
 Types of Fracture:
 Simple
 Compound
 Complicated
 Communicated
 Impacted
 Depressed and Green Stick
Simple Fracture: Bone Cracks Compound Fracture: Bone Communicated Fracture: Bone
Complicated Fracture: Bone
breaks and comes out of breaks into several pieces
breaks and injuries the
skin internal organs.

Impacted Fracture: Bone Green Stick Fracture: Bone bends

breaks driven one over the usually occurs in small Children
other (collar bone)
All types of factures at a glimpse
Fractures
 Signs and Symptoms:
 Swelling
 Deforming
 Crepitus
 Un-natural movement
 Loose of power
 Irregularity of the bones
 Treatment
 Attend the fracture on the spot.
 Secure the limb apply well padded splints and bandages.
Human Cardiovascular System
 The cardiovascular system is
transport system of body
 It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
 The system supplies nutrients to
and remove waste products from
various tissue of body.
 The conveying media is liquid in
form of blood which flows in close
tubular system.
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD

HEART

BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD
The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma

Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
2- Leucocytes -
3- Thrombocytes –

Plasma is fluid portion

HEART
Heart is
a four chambered,
hollow muscular organ
approximately the size of your
fist
Location:
Superior surface of diaphragm
Left of the midline
Anterior to the vertebral column,
posterior to the sternum
HEART
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART

 Generating blood pressure

 Routing blood: Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
 Ensuring one-way blood flow: Heart valves ensure one-way
flow
 Regulating blood supply: Changes in contraction rate and
force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs.
Bandages
 Bandages are an essential part of every first aid
kit. They’re amongst the most useful items for any
first-aider, with a number of potential applications
which are useful when dealing with the majority of
everyday accidents and injuries.
 What are the Different Types of Bandage?
 Roller Bandages
 Triangular Bandages
 Tubular Bandages
Roller Bandages
 Roller bandages are the most common type of bandage. They’re
normally made from a single continuous strip of lightweight and
breathable cotton gauze, used primarily for holding dressings
against wounds.
Triangular Bandages
 Triangular bandages are amongst the more versatile types of
bandaging you can usually find in a first aid kit. They are essentially
a single sheet of thick cotton or calico designed for constructing
slings that:
 Support soft tissue injuries
 Immobilize broken bones
Tubular Bandages
 Tubular bandages are perhaps the least versatile of the three
conventional bandages. These are elasticated tubes of thick gauze
designed for use with a single body part, dictated by the width of
the bandage itself. They provide compression, can be used to
immobilize/support knee and elbow joints and, in some cases, hold
a dressing against a limb.
Types of Bandages
Types of Bandages
 Head bandage
 Eye bandage
 Jaw bandage
 Shoulder bandage
 Chest bandage
 Knee bandage
 Small Arms Sling bandage
 Large Arms Sling bandage
 Cup and Collar bandage
 Thigh bandage
 Palm bandage
 Toe bandage
FIRE
Definition : It is defined as chemical reaction between the three basic ingredients
accompanied by the evaluation of light and heat.

Ingredients : Combustible material , Heat and Oxygen

• Combustible materials may be in the form of solids/liquids and gases

Any Queries ?
Thank You