Efficient energy use

A PRESANTATION ABOUT THE BASICS CONCERNING THE TOPIC OF

ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY ERION CENA AND JAN BLAUT
18.05.2019
Table of contents
1. Definition & meaning of energy efficiency [X]
2. History [X]
3. Legal situation [X]
4. Studies [X]
5. Local political situation [X]
6. Regional situation [X]
7. International cooperation in terms of energy efficiency [X]
8. Examples for practicall use of energy efficiency [~]
9. Sources [X]
Basic understanding of the term „Energy
Efficiency“
- Energy Efficiency =
ratio between supplied energy (input) and yield on services, goods or energy (output)
- It is basically knows as the rational use of energy.
- The aim of considering energy efficiency is to create optimised processes, which minimize the
quantitative and qualitative losses that arise in individual cases during the conversion, transport
and storage of energy.
- This is the goal as doing so gives people the option to achieve a specified (energetic) benefit
with decreasing primary and final energy input.
- So obviously focusing on Energy efficiency lowers costs for energy on long terms, but also helps
to lower harmful emissions during the creation of energy.
History of energy efficiency – Phase 1
Time: 1973 - 1981 (Let‘s conservate a lot of energy)
A real crisis started as the UPEC quadrupled the price of oil due to geopolitical drivers. As a mean to
save energy, minor changes like the installment of stickers to remind people to turn of the light were
established, which only partially led to success.
During this time, the first „energy managers“ were appointed, usually engineers working at the
company who now got some responsibilities in addition to their job.
Only a small amount of companies had any system of energy monitoring and targeting, and even if
some had, there was no commonality of approach.
Engineering based energy managers slowly started to invest in energy saving technologies but with
little in the way of investment analysis beyond simple payback period. This led to the usage of already
existing energy saving technologies such as industrial heat pumps but also to the introduction of
“black boxes” that purported to save energy but which were of dubious value.
Government during that time focused on sending out propaganda in forms of advertisements,
posters, and “Switch off” stickers, and subsidising energy surveys which led to the rise of energy
consultancy. Also in that period the UK Government started the Energy Conservation Demonstration
Projects Scheme which subsidised early adopters of new technologies in return for the right to
disseminate information about the results.
History of energy efficiency – Phase 2
Time: 1981 - 1993 (Let‘s manage energy better)
During that period, companies would now hire full-time Energy Managers as they saw energy
management as a separate recognised discipline. The term energy management started to replace
energy conservation. A consensus on what energy management was, started to emerge.
One approach on focusing on energy management was chosen due to the growing popularity of
micro computers at the time. New software for Monitoring and Targeting was introduced and linked
to bill analysis software derived from the discipline of utility bill analysis. Computerised M&T systems
could now take into account relevant factors such as Degree Days for space heating and production
levels.
Another approach was the establishment of normalized performance indicators (NPIs) which would
help the local authorities to focus their attention. This idea, developed by the US Audit Commission,
was mainly used in the United States as well as Scotland.
This period is considered the peak of the energy management consultancy market with many large
organizations bringing in consultancy teams to establish M&T systems, carry out audits, implement
projects and deliver communication and awareness schemes.
In 1983, the US government finally introduced the Contract Energy Management (CEM) which gave
some rules to company on how to manage their energy use.
History of energy efficiency – Phase 3
Time: 1993 - 2000 (Maybe we can stop a little)
Because of the decrease of fuel prices as well as the down-sizing of companies, the discipline of
energy management suffered a decline.
In this period the energy consultancy market declined dramatically except in the area of
purchasing. In Government activity there was a shift away from subsidies and towards
encouraging management approaches through voluntary agreements.
The environment started to emerge as an issue in this period and many companies incorporated
energy management into wider environmental initiatives. This did not, however, do as much for
energy efficiency as some enthusiasts had hoped.
History of energy efficiency – Phase 4
Time: 2000 - now (Let‘s save our environment)
At the start of the period, the first countries’ climate change agendas became a major focus for
individuals and organizations. In the UK the Climate Change Levy (CCL) and the various
Negotiated Agreements came into effect. CCL made energy a high level issue again as energy
prices rose and many companies make clear commitments to reduce consumption, and faced
penalties for failure to do so.
Government activity in energy efficiency was outsourced to programmes run by the Carbon
Trust. The UK government introduced feed-in tariffs for renewable energy sources. In 2008,
before the full effects of the US financial crisis became clear and amidst a rash of concern about
oil peaking and resource pressures, the oil price hit a record $147/barrel.
From about 2010 policy interest in energy efficiency started to grow globally. There was
increasing recognition of the role that energy efficiency could play in meeting climate targets as
well as the scale of the economic opportunity efficiency presents. The IEA said that efficiency is
the first fuel, whereas back in the 1980s it was the fifth fuel.
 With the EC Directive 2002/91/EC Energy Performance of Buildings
Directive (EPBD), the term energy efficiency (Energy Performance) came
into common German usage.
This directive was implemented in German law with the Energy Saving
Act (EnEG) and, based on this, with the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV),
in which §20 of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD)
states that the improvement of energy properties leads to improved
energy efficiency. The final energy demand is the measure for energy
efficiency. A distinction is made between total energy efficiency, in
Germany‘s legal which, in addition to the final energy requirement, the upstream chain
(exploration, production, distribution, conversion) of the energy sources
used (e.g. heating oil, gas, electricity, renewable energies, etc.) is also
situation taken into account. On the basis of the pre-standard DIN V 18599
Energy performance of buildings, energy efficiency can be determined
presented by and documented in the energy performance certificate (as seen on the
schools gym as an example).
norms Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services
(Energy Service Directive ESD) contains indicative targets and ensures
the promotion of the market for energy services as well as the provision
of other energy efficiency measures to end consumers.
The new Directive 2012/27/EU (Energy Efficiency Directive) of 25
October 2012 requires, among other things, mandatory energy savings
in order to achieve the EU target of 20% higher energy efficiency than in
2008. Germany has failed to transpose the Directive into national law
on time. The EU Commission initiated infringement proceedings in
August 2014.
Studies about Energy Efficiency
According to a study by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the world's energy consumption can be
reduced by 17 to 33% by 2050 through improved energy efficiency in buildings, transport and
industrial processes.
In Germany, according to a study by the German Business Initiative for Energy Efficiency (DENEFF),
efficiency measures can reduce annual electricity consumption by 68.3 billion kilowatt hours by 2020,
which is roughly equivalent to the annual production of ten nuclear power plants.
According to the EU Commission, 90% of all apartments in the EU are not energy-efficient.
A study by Prognos and the Institute for Electrical Installations and Energy Economics Aachen (IAEW)
comes to the conclusion that the energy revolution could be made several billion euros cheaper by
2035 if the incentives for saving electricity were increased. Reducing electricity consumption by 10 to
35 percent compared to the planned development will reduce costs by 10 to 20 billion euros in 2035.
This could significantly reduce the electricity bill and, depending on the increase in efficiency, the
expansion requirement in the extra-high voltage grid would be reduced from around 8500 kilometres
to 1750 to 5000 kilometres by 2050.
 The implementation of policy objectives is slow. The declared goal of
reducing energy consumption by 20 % by 2020 compared to 2008 is
likely to be missed by a wide margin, as the Federal Ministry of
Economics stated in the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency
(NAPE) at the end of 2014. According to a meta-analysis by the Agency
for Renewable Energies, in which 14 scientific studies were evaluated,
only a reduction of 10-15% is achieved with existing measures. The
Federal Association for Renewable Energy demanded that efforts in the
area of renewable heat and mobility be stepped up.

Our local As early as September 2013, 21 experts called on politicians to adopt a

more consistent efficiency policy. "Without a new energy-saving policy,
political the energy turnaround would become more expensive, slower and
more difficult, because: "The lower the energy demand, the lower the
demand for new generation, grid and storage capacities". It has been
situation known for years that more than 60 percent of Germany's final energy
consumption could be saved economically and sustainably, more than
half of it in the next 20 years alone. In order to limit the costs of energy
system transformation to a reasonable level, the authors therefore urge
an integrated energy efficiency policy for a balanced "energy balance"
in which the expansion of an environmentally compatible supply
structure goes hand in hand with the reduction of energy demand.

In the opinion of the DIHK, savings targets are superfluous and the
reduction of electricity consumption is not necessary in terms of
climate policy.
International programs
There‘s a huge variety of programs applied in different countries, each focusing on some ideas
and ways to reduce the amount of needed energy. Here‘s a small collection:
- „80 Plus“ [Launched in 2004][intended to promote efficient energy use in computer power supply units]

- „2000-Watts-Society“ [Launched in 1998][pictures the average First World citizen reducing their overall
average primary energy usage to no more than 2,000 watts]

- „International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme“ [Launched in 1977][advance
international collaborative efforts for solar energy to reach the goal set in the vision of contributing 50% of the low
temperature heating and cooling demand by 2030]

- „World Sustainable Energy Days“ [anual conference since 1992][centred on sustainable energy production and
use, which covers energy efficiency and renewable energy sources for buildings, industry and transport]
An Example of international cooperation
An example of cooperation in terms of energy efficiency can be found at Germany.
Initiated by the Eastern Committee of the German Economy, an energy efficiency partnership
between the German city of Delitzsch and the Ukrainian city of Schowkwa was concluded for the
first time in 2013. Within the framework of national and international comparisons, Delitzsch is
one of the municipal pacemakers of sustainable urban development and energy efficiency. In
addition to local political and civic commitment in the city of Delitzsch, the project partners
include the Federal Ministry for Research and Development, the Institute for Infrastructure and
Resource Management at the University of Leipzig and the Jülich Research Centre.
 The first EU-wide energy efficiency target was set in 1998.
Member states agreed to improve energy efficiency by 1
percent a year over twelve years. In addition, legislation about
products, industry, transport and buildings has contributed to a
general energy efficiency framework. More effort is needed to
address heating and cooling: there is more heat wasted during
electricity production in Europe than is required to heat all
buildings in the continent. All in all, EU energy efficiency
legislation is estimated to deliver savings worth the equivalent
of up to 326 million tons of oil per year by 2020.
Regional goals The EU set itself a 20% energy savings target by 2020 compared
to 1990 levels, but member states decide individually how
energy savings will be achieved. At an EU summit in October
Europe 2014, EU countries agreed on a new energy efficiency target of
27% or greater by 2030. One mechanism used to achieve the
target of 27% is the 'Suppliers Obligations & White
Certificates'. The ongoing debate around the 2016 Clean Energy
Package also puts an emphasis on energy efficiency, but the goal
will probably remain around 30% greater efficiency compared to
1990 levels. Some have argued that this will not be enough for
the EU to meet its Paris Agreement goals of reducing
greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to 1990 levels.
 In August 2017, the Government of Canada released Build Smart -
Canada's Buildings Strategy, as a key driver of the Pan Canadian
Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, Canada's national
climate strategy.
The Build Smart strategy seeks to dramatically increase the energy-
efficiency performance of existing and new Canadian buildings, and
establishes five goals to that end:
Federal, provincial, and territorial governments will work to develop and
adopt increasingly stringent model building codes, starting in 2020, with
the goal that provinces and territories adopt a “net-zero energy ready”
Regional goals model building code by 2030.
Federal, provincial, and territorial governments will work to develop a
model code for existing buildings by 2022, with the goal that provinces
and territories adopt the code.
Canada Federal, provincial, and territorial governments will work together with
the aim of requiring labelling of building energy use by as early as 2019.
The federal government will set new standards for heating equipment
and other key technologies to the highest level of efficiency that is
economically and technically achievable.
Provincial and territorial governments will work to sustain and expand
efforts to retrofit existing buildings by supporting energy efficiency
improvements and by accelerating the adoption of high-efficiency
equipment while tailoring their programs to regional circumstances.
 Recent progress toward improved efficiency has been steady aside from
the financial crisis of 2007–08. Some however believe energy efficiency
is still under-recognised in terms of its contribution to Germany's
energy transformation (or Energiewende).
Efforts to reduce final energy consumption in transport sector have not
been successful, with a growth of 1.7% between 2005–2014. This
growth is due to both road passenger and road freight transport. Both
sectors increased their overall distance travelled to record the highest
figures ever for Germany. Rebound effects played a significant role, both
between improved vehicle efficiency and the distance travelled, and
Regional goals between improved vehicle efficiency and an increase in vehicle weights
and engine power.
On 3 December 2014, the German federal government released
its National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE). The areas covered
Germany are the energy efficiency of buildings, energy conservation for
companies, consumer energy efficiency, and transport energy efficiency.
The policy contains both immediate and forward-looking measures. The
central short-term measures of NAPE include the introduction of
competitive tendering for energy efficiency, the raising of funding for
building renovation, the introduction of tax incentives for efficiency
measures in the building sector, and the setting up energy efficiency
networks together with business and industry. German industry is
expected to make a sizeable contribution.
 Efficiency and
2014 2020 2050
consumption target

Primary energy
consumption (base year −8.7% −20% −50%
2008)

Final energy productivity 1.6%/year 2.1%/year

(2008–2050) (2008–2014) (2008–2050)

Regional goals Gross electricity

consumption (base year −4.6% −10% −25%
2008)

Germany Primary energy

(NAPE) consumption in buildings

(base year 2008)
−14.8% −80%

Heat consumption in
−12.4% −20%
buildings (base year 2008)

Final energy consumption

in transport (base year 1.7% −10% −40%
2005)
Example #2 – Saving power demand by
producing own energy
The so called „Wissenschaftspark“ located at Murschelstraße 14 in Gelsenkirchen contributes to
the energy-efficiency-aim in Germany as it is a good example to show how smart architecture
and space use can save a lot of energy that would otherwise be taken from the energy grid.
Trick #1 : The usage-expansion of allready existing technologies such as photovoltaic cells on the
roof of the building creates own electrical energy that gets substracted from the demand energy
produced by power plants
Trick #2 : With clever placed windows on the tilted side of the building, light rays from the sun
can heat up a great fraction of the inside space which reduces heating-costs and –energy.
This design was the reason for the Wissenschaftspark to win the architecture prize given by the
West-Hyp-foundation.
 Example #4 – Saving power by replacing
old technologies with better ones
For several decades now, energy-saving lamps have been spreading more and more in
households around the world. According to EnergyStar.gov, in the USA alone, around a third of
households now use such lamps, which saves 118 million US dollars in electricity costs.
Although the use of such lamps entails a few disadvantages, such as an unpleasant light color for
many, the current change in America is enough to save around 150,000 greenhouse gas
emissions from vehicles.

In the EU, 11 million households are already using energy-saving light bulbs, which generates an
annual saving of 40 twh and corresponds to the annual amount of energy produced by 10 power
plants with 500 megawatts or the annual amount of electricity consumed in Romania.
Sources
1. The german wikipedia article about energy efficiency (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energieeffizienz)
2. „A brief history of energy efficiency“ (https://www.onlyelevenpercent.com/a-brief-history-of-energy-efficiency/)
3. „EU straft Deutschland wegen Energieverschwendung ab“
(https://www.wiwo.de/politik/europa/vertragsverletzung-eu-straft-deutschland-wegen-energieverschwendung-ab/10328854.html)
4. National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE) (https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Energy/national-
action-plan-on-energy-efficiency.html)