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DCN1
DCN1
BUITMS Quetta 1
Topics to be covered
What is a system?
What are signals?
Example (Satellite Communication System)
Classification of Signals
Continuous-Time Signals
Discrete-Time Signal
Deterministic/Stochastic Signals
Signals
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What is a system?
BUITMS Quetta 3
What are signals?
Varying demand is a function of one or more
parameters and is called the SIGNAL.
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Input Signals
System
Output Signals
Disturbance Signal
An unwanted input signal to the system is called disturbance
signal.
Disturbance Signal
Input Signals
System
Output Signals
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In electronics, a signal is an electric current or used
to convey data from one place to another.
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Signal modulation can be done in either of two
main ways: analog and digital.
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Except for DC signals such as telegraph and
baseband, all signal carriers have a definable
frequencies.
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Wavelength is the distance between identical points
in the adjacent cycles of a waveform signal propogated in space or
along a wire, as shown in the illustration.
In wireless systems, this length is usually specified in meters, centimeters, or
millimeters. In the case of infrared,visible light, ultraviolet, and gamma
radiation, the wavelength is more often specified in nanometers (units of 10-9
meter)
or Angstrom units (units of 10-10 meter).
Wavelength is inversely related to frequency .
The higher the frequency of the signal, the shorter the wavelength. If f is the
frequency of the signal as measured in megahertz, and w is the
wavelength as measured in meters, then
w = 300/f
and conversely
f = 300/w
Wavelength is sometimes represented by the Greek letter lambda ( λ)
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In some information technology contexts, a
signal is simply "that which is sent or received“,
thus including both the carrier and the data
together.
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In in-band signaling, the signaling is on the
same channel as the telephone call.
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Example
Satellite Communication System
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Classification of Signals
The independent variable signals can be the
functions of time or any factor other than time (say
frequency).
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Continuous Signals
A signal which is uniquely defined at all ‘time’ as an
independent variable, for a certain time domain
except for discontinuities at denumberable set of
points (non-physical system, management system)
known as continuous-time signal.
30
25
v (t)
20
15
10
0
1 2 3 4
t (time)
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Discrete Signals
Discrete-time signals are defined only at discrete
values of independent variable, time ‘t’. The
interval between signal values is often same, but it
is not always on. Example, withdrawal of money
from bank account.
f (n) 30
Rupees 25
20
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n (month)
Discrete-Time Signal ( called Sequence)
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Mathematically f (n) as sequence of withdrawal is,
f (n) = { f (0), f (1), f (2), f (3), f (4), f (5), f (6), f (7) }
where, f (0), f (3), f (4), f (6) are zero, since no
money is withdrawn.
Discrete-Time Systems
System whose Input and Output are characterized by discrete sequences are
known as discrete-time systems.
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Deterministic / Stochastic Signals
Deterministic signals are characterized by the fact
that their behavior is fully known at all times that
is, these can be described as functions of time with
certainty.
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The signals that are not deterministic but vary in
general in a random fashion are called stochastic
systems.
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Even (Symmetric) / Odd (Anti-Symmetric)
Signals
The real valued continuous-time signal f (t) can be
classified as an even signal if it satisfies the
following relation:
f (t) = f (-t)
f (t)
-T/2 T/2 t
BUITMS Quetta 19
If f (t) satisfies the following relation, then
such signal is said to be an odd signal.
f (t) = -f (-t)
f (t)
-T/2 -T/4
-T/4 T/2 t
-A
BUITMS Quetta 20