Topic: Ship stresses

Intended Learning outcomes:

 At the end of the discussion, students shall be able to :

 1. Describe the causes & effects of dynamic motion on ships

 2. Identify and explain the causes and effects of ship stresses
Why need to learn this lesson?

 This is worth to learn since we are bound to become officer in ships,

as instructor, ship is always become our very subject matter in most
of our lecture, and for students, since we are bound to manage our
work place which is the SHIP, we should at least understand this
things beforehand so we can be effective managers or supervisors
onboard.
Advance Question

 1. imagine when you are a naval architect, and suppose to make

your first design ship, What would be your primary concern?

 2. when you are the ship’s Chief mate how will you prevent ship
stress?
The dynamic motion of the ship

 The following are the six (6) motion of the ship while at sea:

 Divided in 2 categories:
 1. lateral movements 2. axial movement
 A. swaying a. yawing
 B. heaving b. rolling
 C. surging c. pitching
Dynamic means “always active or changing” or a lot of energy
Axial means having a characteristics of an axis
Lateral means sideway direction or bodily movement towards a
direction
The lateral motions of the ship

 1. swaying – is the sideway bodily movement of the ship, either side.

 2. heaving- means bodily or lateral movement of the ship in up and

down direction, also rise and fall of the ship.

 3. surging- is the motion along the longitudinal direction of the ship,

or the fore and aft motion of the ship.
The Axial motions of the ship

 4. yawing- the port and starboard movement of the ships bow

along its axis.

 5. rolling- is the side to side roll of the ship along the longitudinal axis
of the ship.

 6. Pitching- is the up and down motion of the ship’s bow along the
transverse axis of the ship
 Transverse means across, or port to starboard line of the ship
Causes of ship motion

 Causes:
 The main forces of ships motions are the external dynamic forces
such:

 1 wind
 2. current
 3. waves
What are the effects of these
motions on ships?
 the very serious effects are the following:

 Ship stresses

 Cargo shifting and damage

 Loss of stability

 Vessel will sink ( severe rolling )

 Stability means ability of ship to return into up right position after
being disturbed by external forces, such waves.
What is Stress

 We learn that ships movement will cause the ship to have stress,,

 Now lets get to know about the word STRESS.

 Stress is load or force acting per unit area and is expressed in

kilograms per square millimeter ( kg/mm2 )
 Strain is the distortion in a material due to stress. There are 3 main
types of stresses:

 Kg/mm2 unit used in stress

 Distortion means Physical deformation
Types of stress
 1. Tensile, forces acting in such a direction to increase the length
or pulling the material apart. Or stretches
 2. Compressive, forces acting in such a direction as to decrease
the length or tend to compress.
 3. Shear, the effect of two forces acting in opposite direction and
along parallel line. The forces act in such a direction so as to cause
the various parts of a section to slide one on the other.
Categories of ships stress

1. Principal Structural Stresses: affecting the general structure and the

whole ship

 Hogging, Sagging, Racking- effect of water pressure, dry-docking,

and sheer condition.

2. Principal Local Stresses: affecting certain parts of the ship only

 Panting- Pounding- effect of local weights and vibration from

moving parts such propellers.

 Categories is plural of category which means class, group

The STRESSES on ship
 The shear stress

 The ship will likely to have shear stress during un even distribution of
cargo loads in its holds or tanks or due to uneven distribution of
buoyancy on ships hull.
The hogging condition

When she is being loaded, too much weight in the

ends may cause her to hog or pushed by a single
wave at the midship
The sagging condition

If too much weight is placed amidships or being pushed by waves at both ends, she may sag.
Pounding

When a ship is heavily pitching, the whole vessel is

lifted in a seaway may subject the forward part to
severe blows at sea. The bow often lifts clear of the
water and then come down heavily
Panting

It is characterized by the In and Out motion of the

shell Plating at the bow due to heavy pitching.
Racking

shows how a ship may be 'racked' by wave action,

or by rolling in a seaway. The stress comes mainly on
the corners of the ship
 Stress during dry docking

A ship, when in dry-dock and supported by the keel

blocks, will have a tendency to sag at the bilge’s
Actual photo of stressed vessel
Conclusion

The ship’s dynamic motion is generally has direct relation to the stresses
on ships, each motion provide idea to mariner on the extent of stress
acting in ships , or give idea to what is happening on the affected
area.

Although the stress is not only attributed to these motions but also to
human interventions like how and where the cargo was loaded,
therefore mariners should have better understanding to these nature
and tendencies to lessen the effect of stress on ships.
Short exercise

 1. During draft survey, the ship was in still water and even keel. you
noticed that the draft amidships is greater than the drafts at the
ends, it read as follows: FwdD=10 m, AftD= 10 m, midD=10.32m
 A. determine and describe the condition of the ship.
 B. which part has compression stress?
 C. which part has tensile stress?

MD=9.6
AfD=10m
m

WL
Answer!

 A. the ship was sagged by .32m

 B. Compression stress at the main deck

 C. Tensile stress at the bottom or keel

 The END

Arigato gozaimas!

Sources:
https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/hull-ship-
understanding-design-characteristics/