Battery Technology

Lithium Flow Batteries

Mukhtiar Hussain
MS EE POWER

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 Battery
• Convert stored chemical energy into electrical
energy
• Reaction between chemicals take place
• Consisting of electrochemical cells
• Contains
• Electrodes
• Electrolyte

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Electrodes and Electrolytes
• Cathode
• Positive terminal
• Chemical reduction occurs (gain electrons)
• Anode
• Negative terminal
• Chemical oxidation occurs (lose electrons)
• Electrolytes allow:
• Separation of ionic transport and electrical transport
• Ions to move between electrodes and terminals
• Current to flow out of the battery to perform work

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Battery Overview
• Battery has metal or plastic case
• Inside case are cathode, anode, electrolytes
• Separator creates barrier between cathode
and anode
• Current collector brass pin in middle of cell
conducts electricity to outside circuit

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Primary Cell
• One use (non-rechargeable/disposable)
• Chemical reaction used, can not be reversed
• Used when long periods of storage are
required
• Lower discharge rate than secondary
batteries
• Use:
smoke detectors, flashlights, remote controls

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Lithium-Ion Battery
• Anode: Graphite
• Cathode: Lithium manganese dioxide
• Electrolyte: mixture of lithium salts

• Lithium ion battery half cell reactions

CoO2 + Li+ + e- ↔ LiCoO2 Eº = 1V
Li+ + C6+ e- ↔ LiC6 Eº ~ -3V
• Overall reaction during discharge
CoO2 + LiC6 ↔ LiCoO2 + C6
Eoc = E+ - E- = 1 - (-3.01) = 4V

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Lithium-Ion Battery
• Ideal material
• Low density, lithium is light
• High reduction potential
• Largest energy density for weight
• Li-based cells are most compact ways of storing electrical energy
• Lower in energy density than lithium metal, lithium-ion is safe
• Energy density is twice of the standard nickel-cadmium
• No memory and no scheduled cycling is required to prolong battery
life

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 Flow Battery Technology
Flow batteries use liquid electrolytes with fixed cells to store and regenerate power. Various flow battery
chemistries exist such as vanadium redox, zinc-bromine, iron - chromium etc.

Performance Cycle Life Energy

measure Efficiency (%)
Market leader 5000 60
Best in class 10,000+ 70

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Construction.
• The electrolyte is stored in tanks. To increase the energy density, the
tank sizes can be doubled using ready-made storage tanks at an
estimated cost increase of only 50 percent compared to a new
system. When replacing the battery, the electrolyte can be reused,
further saving cost. Problem areas are the membranes that tend to
corrode and are expensive; additives are said to solve this issue.

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Electrolyte is stored in tanks and pumped through the core to generate electricity;
charging is the process in reverse. The volume of electrolyte governs battery
capacity.
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Lithium-ion flow battery
• A lithium-ion flow battery is a flow battery that uses a form of
lightweight lithium as its charge carrier.
• The flow battery stores energy separately from its system for
discharging.
• The amount of energy it can store is determined by tank size,
its power density is determined by the size of the reaction chamber
• Flow batteries suspend grains of solid material in a liquid, which
preserves its characteristics, making lithium's high energy density
available to flow systems.

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 Construction
• The membrane that separates the two electrodes in a flow battery
must allow for the quick passage of lithium ions to balance the
charges during charging and discharging. Current lithium conducting
membranes are either effective but brittle, or flexible but inefficient.

A new flow battery that uses lithium ion technology

is able to hold more energy in a given volume than
those already on the market.
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 Conclusion
 Energy storage technologies are rapidly gaining adoption for variety of grid applications in recent
years.

 Pumped Hydro, Thermal Storage and Lead Acid batteries have been used for grid support and back
up applications for 100+ years

 In recent years, Li-Ion batteries are gaining rapid adoption for short duration applications, and
reduction is prices and improvements in performance is also enabling use for applications such as
peak load management, renewable integration and diesel reduction.

 Advanced Lead Acid and Flow batteries also have promise for significant improvements and
enabling newer applications in next 3-5 years.

 Regulatory intervention & Business Model innovation is expected to drive large scale adoption of
energy storage in next 2-3 years. 13
 Thank You

Any Questions??

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