Kelompok 6

Complex cognitive processes

• Dosen pembimbing :
• IMRON ROSYIDI,M. Th, M.Ed
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6
kelompok

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Conceptual
Understanding
Problem Solving
- What Are Concepts? -
Promoting Concept Formation - Steps in Problem
Solving
- Obstacles to Solving Transfer

Thinking Problems
- Developmental - What Is Transfer?
Changes - Types of Transfer
- What Is Thinking? - Problem-Based - Cultural Practices and
- Reasoning Learning and Project- Transfer
- Critical Thinking Based Learning
- Decision Making
- Creative Thinking
 CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING
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Conceptual understanding is a key aspect of learning. An important

teaching goal is
to help students understand the main concepts in a subject rather than
just memorize
isolated facts. In many cases, conceptual understanding is enhanced
when teachers
explore a topic in depth and give appropriate, interesting examples of the
concepts
involved. As you will see, concepts are the building blocks of thinking.
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Promoting Concept Formation
Teachers can guide students to recognize and form eff
ective concepts in a number
of ways. Th e process begins with becoming aware of the
features of a given concept.
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Thinking
Thinking involves manipulating and transforming
information in memory. We think
to form concepts, reason, think critically, make decisions,
think creatively, and solve
problems.
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Thinking

REASONING
Reasoning is logical thinking that uses induction
and deduction to reach a
conclusion. We begin by focusing on inductive
reasoning.
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Thinking
CRITICAL THINKING
Currently, there is considerable interest in critical thinking
among psychologists and
educators, although it is not an entirely new idea.
Critical thinkinginvolves thinking refl ectively and productively
and evaluat-
ing the evidence. Many of the “Refl ect” questions that appear in
every section of this
book call for critical thinking.
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Thinking
Decision Making
Thinking of all the decisions you have to make in your life. Which grade level and
subject should I teach? Should I go to graduate school right aft er college or get a job
fi rst? Should I establish myself in a career before settling down to have a family?
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Thinking
Creative Thinking
An important aspect of thinking is to be
able to think creatively Creativity is the
ability to think about something in
novel and unusual ways and come up with
unique solutions to problems.
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Problem Solving
Problem solvinginvolves fi nding an appropriate way
to attain a goal. Consider
these tasks that require students to engage in
problem solving: creating a project for a science fair,
writing a paper for an English class, getting a
community
to be more environmentally responsive, and giving a
talk on the factors
that cause people to be prejudiced. Although they
seem quite diff erent,
each involves a similar series of steps.
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STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

Step 1. Find and Frame Problems

Step 2. Develop Good Problem-Solving
Strategies
Step 3. Evaluate Solutions
Step 4. Rethink and Redefine Problems and
Solutions over Time
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Problem Solving
OBSTACLES TO SOLVING PROBLEMS
Some common obstacles to solving problems
are fi xation, a lack of motivation or
persistence, and inadequate emotional control.
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Problem Solving
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
Young children have some drawbacks that prevent them from solving many problems
Eff ectively. Especially notable is their lack of planning, which improves during the
elementary and secondary school years. Among the reasons for the poor planning
skills of young children is their tendency to try to solve problems too quickly at the
expense of accuracy and their inability to inhibit an activity. Planning oft en requires
inhibiting a current behavior to stop and think; preschool children oft en have diffi
culty
inhibiting an ongoing behavior, especially if it is enjoyable.
Another drawback of young children problem-solving ability is that even though
They may know a rule, they fail to use it.
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Problem Solving
PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AND PROJECT-BASED
LEARNING
Now that we have discussed many aspects of problem solving, we turn
our attention to two types of learning involving problems: problembased
Learning and project-based learning.
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Transfer
Transfer occurs when a person applies previous
experiences and knowledge to learning
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Transfer
Types of Transfer
- Near or Far Transfer
In near transfer the classroom learning situation is similar
to the one in which the initial learning took place.
- Low-Road or High-Road Transfer
distinguished between low-road and high-road transfer. Low-road
transferoccurs when previous learning automatically, oft en
unconsciously, transfers to another situation.
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