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• Th e constant membrane potential present when a cell is electrically
• at rest, that is, not producing electrical signals, is referred
• to as the resting membrane potential. Two types of cells, neurons
• (nerve cells) and muscle cells, have developed a specialized use
• for membrane potential. Th ey can undergo transient, rapid
• fl uctuations in their membrane potentials, which serve as electrical
• signals.
• Nerve and
• Nerve and muscle are considered excitable tissues because
• they produce electrical signals when excited. Neurons use these
• electrical signals to receive, process, initiate, and transmit messages.
• In muscle cells, these electrical signals initiate contraction.
• Th us, electrical signals are critical to the function of the
• nervous system and all muscles. In this chapter, we examine
• how neurons undergo changes in potential to accomplish their
• function. Muscle cells are discussed in later chapters