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A Practical Training Report
A Practical Training Report
A
PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
220 kV G.S.S. SITAPURA, JAIPUR (RVPNL) SUBMITTED FOR
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
BACHELOR OFENGINEERING
BMIT JAIPUR
Session:2018-19
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel immense pleasure in conveying my heartiest thanks and deep sense of gratitude to
Head of the Electrical Engineering Department of BALDEV RAM MIRDHA
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Jaipur for his efforts and for technical as well as
moral support.
Engineers and other technical and non technical staff, for helping in understanding the
various aspects and constructional detail of work and site in 220kV Grid-Sub Station,
Sitapura, Jaipur.
It may not be possible for me to acknowledge the support of all my friends, but I am
thankful to all my colleagues and other trainees for their valuable ideas and support
during training period.
Sumit kumar
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PREFACE
A rapid rise in the use of electricity is placing a very heavy responsibility on electrical
undertaking to maintain their electrical network in perfect condition, young engineers
is called upon to do design, system planning and construction and maintenance of
electric system before he had much experience and practice soon may be responsible
for specialize operation in an ever expending industry. Theoretical knowledge gained in
their college courses need to be supplemented with practical know-how to face this
professional challenge, so……..
As a part of our practical training we have to attempt the rule of Rajasthan Technical
University, Kota. I look my practical training at 220 kV G.S.S. Sitapura, Jaipur. Since
my training center was of Grid Sub-station hence I have included all updated
information, to the extent possible, including general introduction and brief description
of starting sub-station of 220 kV G.S.S. in this study report.
During my 60 Working days practical training, I had undertaken my training at 220 kV
G.S.S. at Sitapura, Jaipur.
I had taken my first practical training at 220 kV G.S.S. Sitapura, Jaipur.
The period of training was from 07/05/2018 TO07/07/2018.
This report dealt with the practical knowledge of general theory and technical
data/detail of equipments, which I have gained during the training period at 220 kV GSS,
Sitapura, Jaipur.
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CONTENTS
Topic
Training Certificate ……………………………………………………………I
Acknowledgements …………………………………...…………………II
Preface ……………………………………………………………………….. III
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………...01
4. Insulators…………………………………………………………………...06
type……………………………………………………….06 o Suspension
type………………………………………………07 o Strain
type…………………………………………………….08
5. Protective relays………………………………………………………........09
Distance relays……………………………………………………....10
• Buchholz relay………………………………………………………11
6. Circuit Breakers………………………………………………………........12
Operating principle………………………………………………….12
• Classification of circuit breakers……………………………...…….12
• SF6 Circuit Breaker ………………………………………….……..13
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FIGURE INDEX
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1. INTRODUCTION
Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric
power produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large
network of transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevit ab le long
and high power lines are necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of
generation to the load centers to inter connected. Power house for increased reliability
of supply greater.
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, ac to
dc, frequency, power factor etc.) of electric supply keeping the power constant is called
a substation.
Depending on the constructional feature, the high voltage substations may be further
subdivided:
(a) Outdoor substation
(b) Indoor substation
(c) Base or Underground substation
2. Incoming feeders:
The power mainly comes from:
220 KV:-
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1. IG NAGAR
2. SANGANER
3. DURGAPURA(FUTURE).
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2. BUS BARS
Bus Bars are the common electrical component through which a large no of feeders
operating at same voltage have to be connected.
If the bus bars are of rigid type (Aluminum types) the structure height are low and
minimum clearance is required. While in case of strain type of bus bars suitable ACSR
conductor are strung/tensioned by tension insulators discs according to system voltages.
In the widely used strain type bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 Kg depending
upon the size of conductor used.
Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension is achieved. Loose bus
bars would effect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may
damage insulators. Clamps or even affect the supporting structures in low temperature
conditions.
The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under in full load condition
damaging the bus bars itself.
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2. The load circuit may be divided in to two separate groups if needed from
operational consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put on
each bus separately.
3. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance of insulators.
The normal bus selection insulators can not be used for breaking load
currents. The arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance without
causing stoppage of supply.
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3. ISOLATORS
“Isolator" is one, which can break and make an electric circuit in no load condition.
These are normally used in various circuits for the purposes of Isolation of a certain
portion when required for maintenance etc. Isolation of a certain portion when
required for maintenance etc. "Switching Isolators" are capable of
• Interrupting transformer magnetized currents
• Interrupting line charging current
• Load transfer switching
Its main application is in connection with transformer feeder as this unit makes it possible
to switch out one transformer, while the other is still on load. The most
common type of isolators is the rotating centre pots type in which each phase has three
insulator post, with the outer posts carrying fixed contacts and connections while the
centre post having contact arm which is arranged to move through 90` on its axis.
The following interlocks are provided with isolator:
a) Bus 1 and2 isolators cannot be closed simultaneously.
b) Isolator cannot operate unless the breaker is open.
c) Only one bay can be taken on bypass bus.
d) No isolator can operate when corresponding earth switch is on breaker.
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4. INSULATOR
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power conductors from
the ground so that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports. The
insulators are connected to the cross arm of supporting structure and the power
conductor passes through the clamp of the insulator. The insulators provide necessary
insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent any leakage current
from conductors to earth. In general, the insulator should have the following desirable
properties:
• High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
• High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents to
earth.
• High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength
is high.
• High ratio of puncture strength to flashover.
These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass. Poly
come type insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulators if
available indigenously. The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to
contraction and expansion in any part of the insulator does not lead to any defect. It is
desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw
thread.
1. TYPE OF INSULATORS:
1. : Pin type
2. : Suspension type
3. : Strain insulator
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4.1.1. PIN TYPE: Pin type insulator consist of a single or multiple shells adapted to
porcelain disc connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. Its
working voltage is 66KV. Each disc is designed for low voltage for 11KV.
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4.1.3. STRAIN TYPE INSULATOR: The strain insulators are exactly identical in
shape with the suspension insulators. These strings are placed in the horizontal
plane rather than the vertical plane. These insulators are used where line is
subjected to greater tension. For low voltage lines (< 11KV) shackle insulator
are used as strain insulator.
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5. PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Relays must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective
action is required. Obviously, a relay cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to
detect the fault and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment
or to the system. The most common parameters which reflect the presence of a fault
are the voltages and currents at the terminals of the protected apparatus or at the
appropriate zone boundaries. The fundamental problem in power system protection is
to define the quantities that can differentiate between normal and abnormal conditions.
This problem is compounded by the fact that “normal” in the present sense means
outside the zone of protection. This aspect, which is of the greatest significanc e in
designing a secure relaying system, dominates the design of all protection systems.
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1. Distance Relays:
Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay
location. The impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the
distance between the relay location and the fault location. As the power systems become
more complex and the fault current varies with changes in generation and system
configuration, directional over current relays become difficult to apply and to set for all
contingencies, whereas the distance relay setting is constant for a wide variety of
changes external to the protected line.
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6. CIRCUIT BREAKER
The function of relays and circuit breakers in the operation of a power system is to
prevent or limit damage during faults or overloads, and to minimize their effect on the
remainder of the system. This is accomplished by dividing the system into protectiv e
zones separated by circuit breakers. During a fault, the zone which includes the faulted
apparatus is de-energized and disconnected from the system. In addition to its protective
function, a circuit breaker is also used for circuit switching under norm al conditions.
Each having its protective relays for determining the existence of a fault in that zone and
having circuit breakers for disconnecting that zone from the system. It is desirable to
restrict the amount of system disconnected by a given fault; as for example to a single
transformer, line section, machine, or bus section. However, economic considerations
frequently limit the number of circuit breakers to those required for normal operation and
some compromises result in the relay protection.
Some of the manufacturers are ABB, AREVA, Cutler-Hammer (Eaton), Mitsubishi
Electric, Pennsylvania Breaker, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Toshiba, Končar HVS and
others.
Circuit breaker can be classified as "live tank", where the enclosure that contains the
breaking mechanism is at line potential, or dead tank with the enclosure at earth
potential. High-voltage AC circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to
765,000 volts.
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compressed air. When the contacts are opened the compressed air is released in
forced blast through the arc to the atmosphere extinguishing the arc in the
process.
Advantages:
An air blast circuit breaker has the following advantages over an oil circuit breaker:
• The risk of fire iseliminated
• The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas the oil
deteriorates with successive operations; the expense of regular oil is
replacement is avoided
• The growth of dielectric strength is so rapid that final contact gap needed for arc
extinction is very small. this reduces the size of device
• The arcing time is very small due to the rapid build up of dielectric strength
between contacts. Therefore, the arc energy is only a fraction that in oil circuit
breakers, thus resulting in less burning of contacts
• Due to lesser arc energy, air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for
conditions where frequent operation is required
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• The energy supplied for arc extinction is obtained from high pressure air and is
independent of the current to be interrupted.
Disadvantages:
Air has relatively inferior arc extinguishing properties.
• Air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to the variations in the rate of
restricting voltage.
• Considerable maintenance is required for the compressor plant which supplies the
air blast
• Air blast circuit breakers are finding wide applications in high voltage
installations. Majority of circuit breakers for voltages beyond 110 kV are of this
type.
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this type of breakers the interrupter chamber is separated from the other parts and arcing
is confined to a small volume of oil. The lower chamber contains the operating
mechanism and the upper one contains the moving and fixed contacts together with the
control device. Both chambers are made of an insulating material such as porcelain.
The oil in both chambers is completely separated from each other. By this arrangement
the amount of oil needed for arc interruption and the clearances to earth are roused.
However, conditioning or changing the oil in the interrupter chamber is more frequent
than in the bulk oil breakers. This is due to carbonization and slugging from arcs
interrupted chamber is equipped with a discharge vent and silica gel breather to permit a
small gas cushion on top of the oil. Single break minimum oil breakers are available in
the voltage range 13.8 to 34.5 KV.
7. POWER TRANSFORMER
Distribution transformers reduce the voltage of the primary circuit to the voltage
required by customers. This voltage varies and is usually:
120/240 volts single phase for residential customers.
480Y/277 or 208Y/120 for commercial or light industry customers.
Three-phase pad mounted transformers are used with an underground primary circuit
and three single-phase pole type transformers for overhead service. Network service
can be provided for areas with large concentrations of businesses. These are usually
transformers installed in an underground vault. Power is then sent via underground
cables to the separate customers.
Parts of Transformer:-
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7.1. Windings:
Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales & burrs. Windings shall
be made in dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated that impulse
and power frequency voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly shall be suitably
supported between adjacent sections by insulating spacers and barriers. Bracing and
other insulation used in assembly of the winding shall be arranged to ensure a free
circulation of the oil and to reduce the hot spot of the winding. All windings of the
transformers having voltage less than 66 kV shall be fully insulated. Tapping shall be so
arranged as to preserve the magnetic balance of the transformer at all voltage ratio. All
leads from the windings to the terminal board and bushing shall be rigidly supported to
prevent injury from vibration short circuit stresses.
penetration testing.
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At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall be
provided for easy access to bushing & earth connections. Turrets & other parts
surrounding the conductor of individual phase shall be non-magnetic. The main tank
body including tap changing compartment, radiators shall be capable of withstand ing
full vacuum.
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thermometers pockets provided in the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls in
them. Oil temperature measured is that of the top oil, where as the winding temperature
measurement is indirect.
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with a connecting pipe to the main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to
atmosphere through dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In larger transformers,
an air bag is mounted inside the conservator with the inside of bag open to atmosphere
through the breathers and the outside surface of the bag in contact with the oil surface.
8. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the
primary current passing through the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A,
75A, 150A, 240A, 300A, 400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.
When connecting the jumpers, mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction
boxes where star delta formation is connected for three phase and final leads taken to
protection /metering scheme.
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It can be used to supply informatio n for measuring power flows and the electrical
inputs for the operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and
distribution circuit or for power transformer. These current transformers have the
primary winding connected in series with the conductor carrying the current to be
measured or controlled. The secondary winding is thus insulated from the high voltage
and can then be connected to low voltage metering circuits.
9. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a
lower value, which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac
voltmeter.
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Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in
high voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above
where it becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to
earth voltage to be made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling,
which has reached wide application in modern high voltage network for tele-metering
remote control and telephone communication purpose.
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high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for
connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase
devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of
voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C 1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage
drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively
small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
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Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in
high voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above
where it becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to
earth voltage to be made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling,
which has reached wide application in modern high voltage network for telemetering
remote control and telephone communication purpose.
The capacitance type voltage transformers are of two type:
• Coupling Capacitor type
• Pushing Type
Fig. 10.2:
11. TRANSFORMER OIL & ITS TESTING
The insulation oil of voltage- and current-transformers fulfills the purpose of insulating
as well as cooling. Thus, the dielectric quality of transformer is a matter of secure
operation of a transformer.
Since transformer oil deteriorates in its isolation and cooling behavior due to ageing and
pollution by dust particles or humidity, and due to its vital role, transformer oil
must be subject to oil tests on a regular basis.
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In most countries such tests are even mandatory. Transformer oil testing sequences and
procedures are defined by various international standards.
Periodic execution of transformer oil testing is as well in the very interest of energy
supplying companies, as potential damage to the transformer insulation can be avoided
by well timed substitution of the transformer oil. Lifetime of plant can be substantially
increased and the requirement for new investment may be delayed.
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A lightning arrester (in Europe: surge arrester) is a device used on power systems
and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a highvoltage
terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is
very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is
diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.
In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrestor is placed where wires enter a
structure, preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of
individuals near them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge
protectors, are devices that are connected between each electrical conductor in power
and communications systems and the Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal
power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-volt age
lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit the
rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a
lightning strike.
If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces
thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause
severe damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices.
Potential target for a lightning strike, such as a television antenna, is attached to the
terminal labeled A in the photograph. Terminal E is attached to a long rod buried in the
ground. Ordinarily no current will flow between the antenna and the ground because
there is extremely high resistance between B and C, and also between C and
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D. The voltage of a lightning strike, however, is many times higher than that needed to
move electrons through the two air gaps. The result is that electrons go through the
lightning arrester rather than traveling on to the television set and destroying it.
A lightning arrester may be a spark gap or may have a block of a semi conducting
material such as silicon carbide or zinc oxide. Some spark gaps are open to the air, but
most modern varieties are filled with a precision gas mixture, and have a small amount
of radioactive material to encourage the gas to ionize when the voltage across the gap
reaches a specified level. Other designs of lightning arresters use a glow discharge tube
(essentially like a neon glow lamp) connected between the protected conductor and
ground, or voltage-activated solid-state switches called visitors or MOVs.
Lightning arresters built for power substation use are impressive devices, consisting of
a porcelain tube several feet long and several inches in diameter, typically filled with
disks of zinc oxide. A safety port on the side of the device vents the occasional internal
explosion without shattering the porcelain cylinder.
Lightning arresters are rated by the peak current they can withstand, the amount of
energy they can absorb, and the break over voltage that they require to begin
conduction. They are applied as part of a lightning protection system, in combination
with air terminals and bonding.
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Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control
building, also called the dog house. These are used to control the substation equipment
to send power from one circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when
needed.
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1. ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted energy meters are fitted to
the panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded after one hour
regularly for it MWHr, meter isprovided.
2. WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported from
GSS.
3. FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is the
provision of analog or digital frequency meter.
4. VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage .It is also
available in both the analog and digital frequency meter.
5. AMMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in
both the forms analogue as well as digital.
6. MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control panel
to record the average power over successive predetermined period.
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The capacitor bank provides reactive power at grid substation. The voltage regulat ion
problem frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive power.
Unlike the active power, reactive power can be produced, transmitted and absorbed
of course with in the certain limit, which have always to be workout. At any point in the
system shunt capacitor are commonly used in all voltage and in all size.
Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that capacitor reduces
the reactive current flowing in the whole system from generator to the point of
installation.
1 .Increased voltage level at the load
2. Reduced system losses
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17. RATINGS
17.1. TRANSFORMER:
Total No. of transformers =6 No. of transformers
220/132 KV------------------------------------ 100MVA 2
132/33 KV--------------------------------------20/25MVA 2
132/33KV---------------------------------------40/50MVA 1
132/11 KV---------------------------------------10/12.5 MVA 1
MAKE Company
220/133 KV, 100MVA X-Mer 1----------------------------------- TELK
220/133KV, 100 MVA X-Mer 2---------------------------------- ALSTOM
132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------- TELK
132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA X-Mer 2-----------------------------------BBL
132/33 KV, 40/50 MVA X-Mer 3-----------------------------------T&R
132/33 KV, 10/12.5 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------EMCO
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SF6 CB
BREAKER SERIAL NO. 030228
RATED VOLTAGE 145KV
NORMAL CURRENT 1250A
FREQUENCY 50Hz
LIGHTNING IMPULSE WITHSTAND 650KV (Peak)
FIRST POLE TO CLEAR TO CLEAR FACTOR 1-2
SHORT TIME WITHSTAND CURRENT 31.5KA
DURATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT 3 Sec.
(SHORT CIRCUIT SYM. 31.5KA
BREAKING CURRENT) ASYM. 37.5KA
SHORT TIME MAKING CURRENT 8.0KA
OUT OF PHASE BREAKING CURRENT 7.9KA
OPERATING SEQUENCE 0-0.3-CO-3min-CO
SF6 GAS PRESSURE AT 20C 6.3 Bar
TOTAL MASS OF CB 1300Kg
MASS OF SF6 GAS 8.7Kg
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FREQUENCY 50Hz
HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE 245KV
SHORT TIME CURRENT 40KA/15
RATED CURRENT 600A
CURRENT RATIO 600-300-150/1
MIN. KNEE POTENTIAL VOLTAGE 850V at 150/1
MAX. EXCITINGCURRENT 100MA at 150/1
MAX. SEC. WINDING RESISTANCE 2.5OHM at150/1
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Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) provides for signal transmission down
transmission line conductors or insulated ground wires. Protection signaling, speech and
data transmission for system operation and control, management informat ion systems
etc. are the main needs which are met by PLCC.
PLCC is the most economical and reliable method of communication because of the
higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power line which
contribute to the increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over the
larger distances involves.
High frequency signals in the range of 50 KHZ to 400 KHZ commonly known as the
carrier signal and to result it with the protected section of line suitable coupling
apparatus and line traps are employed at both ends of the protected section. Here in
Sanganer and also in other sub-station this system is used. The main application of
power line carrier has been from the purpose of supervisory control telephone
communication, telemetering and relaying.
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2. Merits
The severity that a power line can withstand is much more than that odd
communication line due to higher mechanical strength of transmission line power lines
generally provide the shortest route between the Power Station and the Receiving
Larger spacing between conductors reduces the capacitances which results in lesser
attenuation of higher frequencies. Large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a certain
extent. The construction of a separate communication line isavoided.
3. Demerits
Utmost care is required to safeguard the carrier equipment and persons using them
against high voltage and currents on the line. Noise introduced by power line is far
more than in the case of communication line. This is due to the discharge across
insulators and corona etc.
Induced voltage surges in the power line may affect the connected carrier
equipment.
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19. CONCLUSION
A technician needs to have not just theoretical but practical as well and so every student
is supposed to undergo practical training session after 3rd year where I have imbibed the
knowledge about transmission, distribution, generation and maintenance with
economical issues related to it.
During our 60 days training session we were acquainted with the repairing of the
transformers and also the testing of oil which is a major component of transformer. At
last I would like to say that practical training taken at 220 kV GSS has broadened my
knowledge and widened my thinking as a professional.
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