GLASS

INDUSTRIES
What is Glass??

It is a hard, brittle substance,

typically transparent or translucent,
made by fusing sand with soda and
lime and cooling rapidly. It is used to
make windows, drinking containers
and other articles.
History of Glass

● Very first known glass

was Obsidian, Black ● People had used naturally
Volcanic glass. occuring glass, especially
obsidian before they learned
● The earliest known how to make glass. Obsidian
man-made glass was used for production of
dates back to around knives, arrowheads, jewelry
3500 BC, with finds in and money.
Egypt and
Mesopotamia. ● Glass blowing was
discovered around 1st
● First Glass vessels century BC.
were made about
1500 BC in Egypt and
Mesopotamia.
Glass Manufacturing History
● By the time of Crusades glass manufacturing was developed in Venice.
● During 15th century Venetian glass blower, Angelo Barovier, created crystallo,
nearly colorless, transparent glass.
● By the late 1500’s many Venetians went to northern Europe and established
factories.
● In 1674, an English glassmaker George Ravenscroft invented lead glass.
● In 1608, the first glass factory in USA was built in Jamestown, Virginia.
● By the 1800’s, there was a great demand for window glass which was called
crown glass.
● In 1870, first semi-automatic bottle machine was introduced.
 Glass Manufacturing History
● In 1902, Irvin W. Colburn invented the sheet
glass drawing machine which made possible
the mass production of window glass.
● In 1904, the American engineer Michael
Owens patented automatic blowing machine.
● In 1959, float glass production was
intoduced by Sir Alastair Pilkington, by which
90% of flat glass is still manufactured today.
What is glass made of?
Basic components of modern glass:

● Pure silica (SiO2 )

● Sodium Carbonate(Na2CO3)
● To prevent glass from being water soluble Lime(CaO), Aluminum Oxide(Al2O3)
and Magnesium Oxide(MgO) are used.
● Lead Oxide, Barium and Lanthanum Oxide increase refractive index of glass.
● Sodium Sulfate, Sodium Chloride or Antimony Oxide can be added to prevent
the creation of air bubbles in glass mixture.
● Iron can strengthen ability of glass to absorb infrared energy and heat.
● Cerium(IV) Oxide is responsible for absorbing UV radiation.
● Boron Oxide is main ingredient of Pyrex glass, which protects it from thermal
cracking, expansion and thermal shock, which makes it perfect for production
of many kitchen cookware, optical component and reagent bottles
How Glass is made?-The Art of Glass Making
The first archaeological evidence of glass manufacture comes from areas of ancient Egypt
and Mesopotamia. In those times the only glass product that were made were created either
by glazing premade objects, or beads that were formed accidentally in other metalworks
processes.

Production of glass in modern times has not changed much since it was discovered.
Sand(which consists of Silica, soda ash and lime) is heated to extreme temperatures, and
then is allowed to cool down and be shaped into almost any form by either blowing or
pouring in pre-designed molds.
How Glass is made?-The Art of Glass Making
Modern production of glass is made with several
tecniques:

Glass Containers-in which glass is carefully made

in three different stages(melting of raw materials,
pouring or blowing of glass in container molds and
cooling with finishing touches for quality.

Float Glass Processes-in which glass is laid on

the surface of molten metal(tin or lead).This
process is used for creating flat windows.

Manual Glass blowing-used mostly for creation of

art objects and custom glass containers.
MANUFACTURING OF
GLASS
RAW MATERIALS
● SAND : it should be almost pure quartz.
● SODA : It is use in oxidizing the iron and accelerating melting process.
● LIME : It is use to flux the silica.
● FELDSPARS : It have general formula of R2O.AL2O3.6SiO2. Where R2O
represents Na2O and K2O.
● BORAX : It is used as minor ingredient to increase the chemical
durability.
● CARBON : It is used with sulfate to reduce it into sulfites.
● NITRATES : It is used to oxidizes the iron.

CULLET : It is crushed glass from waste glass and imperfect articles.

 PROCESS DETAIL
The manufacturing process of glass consists of
four major operations :
1. Melting.
2. Shaping.
3. Annealing.
4. Finishing.
1. MELTING
The ingredients called Batch materials are mixed in the appropriate portion
and heated to fusion in a tank furnace.

TANK FURNACE:

It is consist of large rectangle tank built of fire clay blocks.The batch

materials are fed into the tank and producer gas is used as a fuel in the
furnace.The charge is heated at 1400-1500*C for 10-12 hours.The chemical
reaction are:

Na2CO3 +SiO2 → Na2SiO3 +CO2

2Na2SO4 + 2SiO2 → 2Na2SiO3 + O2 + 2SO2

CaCO3 + SiO2 → CaSiO3 + CO2
2. SHAPING
The glass formed in the furnace is next send for shaping.

● A lump of plastic glass is taken on a long iron pipe.

● It is elongated under it weight when hung downwards.
● The elongated lump is introduced into a mold.
● On cooling the bottle is take out by removing the two halves of mould.
3. ANNEALING
Immediately after shaping, the articles are introduced into lehr (a tunnel like
oven of 50 to 60 feet long) at hotter end and travel towards the cooler end by
means of a moving belt.It takes a few hours for articles to move along
through tunnel .Some high quality glass requires long annealing.
4. FINISHING
The articles obtained from the lehr are subjected to a number of operations
such as :

● Cleaning.
● Polishing.
● Rounding.
● Edges.

For bringing them to a useable form.

TYPES OF GLASS:

➢ Soda Lime or soft glass

➢ Safety glass
➢ Wired glass
➢ Optical or crook’s glass
SODA LIME OR SOFT GLASS:
About 90% of all glass is soda lime made with silica(sand), calcium
carbonate and soda ash.
They can melt easily and are not as durable as other glasses.
Used in test tubes, reagent tubes, bottles, jars and window glass.

SAFETY GLASS:
It is made by fusing two to three flat sheets of glass and in between them
alternate thin layers of vinyl plastic is introduced.
It is heated where both the layers merge together and glass is
toughened.
Used as wind sheets in automobiles and airplanes.
WIRED GLASS:
It is made by fusing wire in between the two glass layers.
When broken, loose pieces of glass are held by the wire netting.
Used in fire rated windows, roofs, skylights and doors.

OPTICAL OR CROOK’S GLASS:

It contains phosphorus, PbCO3, silicates, cerium oxide which has the
property to absorb harmful ultraviolet light.
These glasses have low melting point and are relatively soft.
Used for making optical lenses.
At 1400*C silica also in silicates of calcium and sodium is convert to GLASS.

Na2SiO3 + CaSiO3 + 4SiO2 → Na2SiO3.CaSiO3 .4SiO2

When frothing is subsides,the temperature is raised and molten glass is

allowed to stand for some time,this is called REFINING
PROPERTIES
OF GLASS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
● They are solid, brittle and usually transparent.
● They are in amorphous form.
● Electrically insulator.
● Having tensile strength 7MPa increasing strength of glass.
● Glass will transmit ,reflect and refract beam of light .
● Lead increase the brilliance and weight of glass.
● Glass is poor conductor of electricity and heat .boron is added to
increase thermal and electric resistance.
● Barium is added to increase refractive index.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
● Glasses are fairly inert substance.
● Glasses are corrosion resistance.
● Glasses containing high portion of alkali or alkali earth metals are less
corrosion resistant.
● Non-vitreous material in suspension.
● Resist chemical attack.
● Glasses are union of non-volatile inorganic oxides.
APPLICATIONS:
Common applications:
1 - Flat glass and solar glass:

For architectural and automotive sector.

2 -Thin and thinnest sheet glass:

For smart phone, tables, flat panel displays, solar panels and safety glass.

3 - Container and utility glassware:

For bottle, containers and drinking glasses.

4 - Tehcnical glass:

Used for lamps , light bulbs, energy saving lamps,optical glass fiber, glass wool,and optical
instrumtsents.
5 - Laminated glass:

Laminated glass used extensively in buildings and housing products and in the automotive and
transport industries. It displays high performance impact and bullet resistance capabillities as
well as fragment retention performance.

6 - Armed glass:

Armed glass is most commonly used in the roofing of industrial buildings or other outdoor
structure.

7 - Borosilicate glasses:

Borosilicate glasses are commonly used for their superior durability.they have good thermal
shock resistance and can withstand extreme thermal cycling with minimal effect.it is commonly
used for baking at homeor performing experiments in the labs.
SOURCES
http://www.historyofglass.com/glass-making-process/how-glass-is-made/

http://www.historyofglass.com/glass-making-process/glass-ingredients/

http://www.chemistry-assignment.com/54-3-manufacture-of-glass/

https://www.slideshare.net/prashantmehta371/glass-9219937?next_slideshow=1

https://www.slideshare.net/akashkumar102/types-of-glass-73661742