A fingerprint is an impression

of the friction ridges of all

any part of the finger.
Why not use fingerprinting?
• Not applicable for general screening.
• It does not indicate intent of the crime.
• Takes a fair amount of time to set-up
and conduct properly.
• Difficult to distinguish the criminal and
witness who saw all the the criminal
activity.
• Myoglobin is an iron and oxygen-binding protein found in
the muscle tissue of vertebrates and almost in all mammals.
 Geneticist Alec Jeffreys
Discovered DNA Fingerprinting Technique
Sep 10, 1984
• Base per sequence is same
in all individuals
 The genetic
T

difference is
only 0.1 %

• DNA or genetic identity

• Giving unique characteristics of humans
Bulk
Satellite DNA
 SATELLITE DNA
• 1. A-T/C-G (ratio)
• Length of the sequence
• No. of times the
sequence repeats
(COPY NUMBER)

Mini Satellite Micro satellite

• Variable Number Tandem

Repeats (VNTR)
(How many times the sequence
is getting repeated)
 Refer to your
lecture activity
(Coupon bond)
What is it?
1. Extraction of DNA
2. Digestion/cleavage/cutting of DNA by RE
3. Separation of DNA fragments
(Gel electrophoresis)
Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories
to separate charged molecules like DNA, RNA and
proteins according to their size.
How DNA Separates through electrophoresis
Matching the DNA Fingerprints of a Victim and the Verdict
 4. Southern Blotting
A Southern blot is a method used in molecular
biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence
in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines
transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA
fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent
fragment detection by probe hybridization

( -fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length

which can be radioactively labelled. It can be use
in DNA samples to detect the presence of
nucleotide sequences that are complementary to
the sequence in the probe)
4. Southern Blotting
5. Hybridization with Radioactive VNTRs
5. Autoradiography
Random Amplification of Polymorhic DNA (RAPD)
Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR)
What are the ethical issues of DNA profiling?
Biology Genetic Engineering DNA Profiling
Answer:
DNA profiling is a powerful tool in crimalistics and in paternity testing. It
has also aroused a mixture of ethical concerns, suspicions and
interests.

Explanation:
The major ethical concerns about the DNA profiling are related to
1) possible constitution of data based by the police agencies for the
purpose of identifying and investing individuals as potential criminal
suspects.
2) possible risk of a widespread use without safeguard for private
investigations as establishing paternity or the typing of a person for
insurance companies.
In order to preserve civil liberties and the respect of individual privacy,
DNA profiling should be strictly limited to judicial use and performed by
accredited laboratories.
Who is the verdict?
Who is the verdict?
1. What can you say with D1 and S1?
2. What about D2?
3. What about S2?