PROCESS AND METHODS IN

COMMUNICATION
Two basic process are involved in terms of the
transmission view of communication;

1. Encoding – the formulation and articulation

of message.
2. Decoding – the reception, perception and
interpretation of message.
The elements involved in the processes are the
following:

1. Sender
2. Ideas
3. Channel
4. Receiver
5. Feedback
Encoding and Decoding presupposes that the
decoders (audience or receiver of the message)
actively make sense of the message based on
their individual social context or reality, and
later on send feedback or collectively change
the message.
NEW MEDIA is YouMedia

Youth has a high involvement in newer kinds of

media. You are no longer mere receivers of
content, you are also creators of content and
can share through different platforms.

In other words, new media is about interconnectedness, access

to other new media users, interactivity, ubiquity, delocatedness,
and diffusion.
What is Counseling?

Counseling is a professional relationship

established voluntarily by an individual
who feels the need of psychological
help, with a person trained to provide
that help (Patterson, 1992)
Williamson states that it is helping
people to learn how to solve their own
problems.

Rogers defined it as a definitely

structured relationship which allows
the client to gain an understanding of
himself to a degree of taking positive
steps in the light of his new
orientation.
As a discipline, it is allied to psychology and
deals with normal responses to normal life
events, which may sometimes create stress for
some people who, in turn, choose to ask for
help and support.

Counseling is generally a non-clinical

intervention. Traditionally in many societies,
counseling is provided by family, friends and
wise-elderly.
Guidance

-is a service provided by the

school to assist young people in
making intelligent choices and
adjustment.

The central or foundational part

of guidance services is counseling.
The focus of guidance and
counseling is not solving
problems for the individual but
helping him solve his problems.
Guidance touches the beginning
learner and extends throughout
lifelong educational process.
Psychotherapy
is any procedure designed to
alleviate behavioral disorders (mental
illness, adjustment problems) by
psychological means – suggestions,
psychoanalysis, counseling interviews,
plays activities, and changes in the
patient’s environment.
Psychotherapy is applied when there is
personality maladjustment or mental
disorder that is psychogenic in origin.
Difference between Counselor and
Psychotherapist

The counselor focuses upon a

particular area such as the
vocational area, in which the client is
having difficulty, while the
psychotherapist concern himself
with the total personality structure.
The aim of counseling is to help the
person adjust to a situation rather than
“treat” a specific disorder (Osipow, 1987)
Patterson (1960) states the
psychotherapy should not be engaged in
until late in the training of doctoral
students or should not be postponed to
the post-doctoral period, whereas
counselors may not be necessarily be
trained in the doctoral level.
Counseling is a relationship. The relationship is
for the sole purpose of improving or restoring
the mental health and adjustment or
functioning of a client.
The counseling relationship is one where
the atmosphere created is such that the
individual is able to take responsibility for
himself, to begin restoring the self-esteem
which is necessary for his functioning as a
healthy, responsible, independent person able
to make adequate decision and resolve
problems.
The atmosphere in which this can
take place is dependent upon the
following:

1.The attitude of treating the client

as a worthy person.
2.Emphatic understanding and the
communication of this to the
client.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
IN THE COUNSELING
SITUATION
1.Purposes and patterns in
counseling
2.Client readiness
3.Dynamic adjustment
Purposes and Patterns in Counseling

this is the initial step in studying the

actual interview which gives meaning to
counseling. The counselor should have a
goal and this goal is to be supplemented
with different criteria. The goals of the
counselor should be to increase the
client’s feeling of personal adjustment and
his being effective to the society.
The patterns in counseling follow
several criteria such as:

Good working relationship

Free talking and absence of
resistance
Taking responsibility in directing the
interview, words of insight and plans,
and good judgment on the
characteristics of the counselee.
Client Readiness
-the process of counseling takes place
when the client himself is ready and interested in
dealing with his problems, his attitudes, insight
into the problems, and his process of thinking
and adjustments.
The factors of motivation and insight must
be considered because effective counseling is
dependent on the client’s feeling and
conferences between the client and the
counselor.
 Dynamics of Adjustments

The counselor must possess the ability

of not only erasing the trouble spot of
situation but should lead the client to his
general growth or reorientation within his
whole personality. Most client find it hard
to see their problems clearly because the
dynamic character of adjustment itself
causes difficulty
Psychoanalysts believe that
the counselor must also be
ready to interpret the
behavior of the client to the
degree that the client is ready
for the conference.
A basic assumption of counseling
and guidance services is that all
individuals, from time to time,
require specific individual or
personalized help of a professional
nature in understanding the world
and themselves in relation to the
world, and in dealing with the
problems with which they are
continually faced (Patterson, C. H.
1992)
Personal Qualities of School Counselors

Personal qualities of school’s

counselors are among the most
important determiners of the
excellence of its guidance program.
Most writers on guidance and
counseling are one in their view that for
one to be a successful counselor, he
must possess superior academic ability.
A genuine interest in and understanding
of people, respect for others, emotional
stability and maturity would be important
characteristics. It is also suggested that
they have a sufficient knowledge of
various theories of personality to
understand what different kinds of overt
behavior may mean in terms of
adjustment.
Legality and Confidentiality in Counseling

The counselor has the obligation to

handle the information about the clients
in professional ways no matter how
delicate or simple the information is.

Confidentiality involves a
commitment to retain information that
is always relative rather than absolute.
The Code of Ethics for
Counselors and the Code of
Ethics for Psychologists
whether here or abroad stress
on the principles of
confidentiality.
THREE LEVELS OF
CONFIDENTIALITY
Blocker (1966) stated that there are three
levels of confidentiality. These are:

Level 1 – Professional use of information

Maintaining this level of

confidentiality for all kinds is simply
good professional practice. It is
objectionable to give information to a
clearly unethical or unprofessional
person even with the client’s consent.,
Level 2 – Counselor- client relationship
information

The client has the right to expect that

the information obtained by the counselor
will only be used for his welfare. The
counselor should not normally accept a
counselee who is receiving psychological
assistance from another professional
worker unless an agreement has been
reached as to the respective areas of
helping being offered.
Level 3 – Complete holding of confidential
information

The communication should not be

divulged without the client’s consent even
though the counselor feels strongly that it
would be for the client’s best interest,
except in case of some clear immediate
danger to human life.
Privilege and Confidentiality

In 1828, a New York ruling established the

doctrine of privilege for the various jurisdictions
in the United States.
The general rule is that the patient, not a
doctor, has the privilege to refuse to disclose, or
to prevent anyone else from disclosing. The
privilege is the client’s exceptions being
guardians, conservators, representative of a
deceased client or a judge-ordered examiner
when the person’s condition is used as an
element of a legal defense or claim.
The core idea, however, that
communications between lawyers
and their clients, doctors and their
patients need to be divulged has
been progressively qualified over
the years. (Lakin M., 1991)
CLIENT’S WELFARE AND
RELATIONSHIP
The relationship between the
counselor/psychologist and his client
represents a unique association and as such
the counselor/psychologist has to follow
certain standards some of which are:

1. For all clinical and counseling purposes, the

sessions are to be conducted in a setting
that assures the client of privacy.
2. He assures the client that materials gathered
through psychological tests for diagnosis
and analysis will be used in a professional
manner.
3. He maintains a professional
relationship with the client, avoiding
any emotional involvement that would
be detrimental to the client’s well-
being.

4. A therapeutic/counseling
relationship should be terminated when
the psychologist/ counselor is quite
sure that he can no longer render help.
What is Personality?
Personality
- the mainstream of the show we
make in our life.

Gordon Allport (1960) defines

personality as a “pattern of habits,
attitudes, and traits that determines an
individual characteristics.”
 Hilgard defines it as “the total
configuration of the individual’s
characteristics and ways of
behaving that determines his
unique adjustment to his
environment”
Personality is an inclusive term that
covers appearance, abilities, motives,
emotional reactivity, and experiences
that have shaped him to his present
person.

Personality is made up of
inherited and acquired traits.
Significance of Personality
The ultimate aim of
education is adjustment. We
have to know the personality
aspects of a person. Personality
and adjustment are inextricably
bound together. (Kahayon and
Aquino, 1985)
Freud believed that our personality
is shaped by events in early
childhood. According to Freud, all
children go through developmental
stages. Freud says that anxiety
results whenever these unconscious
thought threaten to break into our
consciousness.
Henry Murray, a physician and
psychologist, has the same idea as
the psychoanalysts with regard to
the development of personality. His
theory shares with psychoanalysis
the assumption that events taking
place in infancy and childhood are
crucial determinants of adult
behavior.
ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY
Personality is evident in the different aspects
of an individual. Padilla (1969) has classified
the personality traits into the following
aspects:

 Physical
 Mental
 Emotional
 Social
 Moral
 Spiritual
1. The physical aspects refers to the body
build, height weight, texture of the skin,
shape of the lips.

2. The mental aspects refers to the range of

ideas a person expresses, his mental
alertness and his ability to reason out.

3. The emotional aspects refers to one’s

temperament, mood prejudice, responses
and feeling.
4.The social aspect has to do with
social contract

5.The moral aspect has to do with a

person’s awareness of what is right or
wrong.

6.The spiritual aspects refers to a

person’s faith, beliefs, and higher
values in life..