GAS Migration

Prevention of Annular Gas Migration

 Types of Gas Migration
 Under-balanced annular fluids:
– Influx not controlled prior to cementing

– Influx is generally within four (4) hours or less

 Cement volume shrinkage during initial setting

phase:
– Influx is generally seen in four (4) to twelve (12) hours
after cementing

– Problem may be solved if the casing annulus is shut-in

for 72 to 96 hours
 Types of Gas Migration (con’t.)

 Stress cracking of the cement sheath:

– Influx may occur over a long time period (one month to
two years or more)

– Considerable testing is ongoing

 Gas Migration Additives
 Low Flow Potential
– Fluid Loss Control
• BJ’s FL-32, FL-32L, FL-63, FL-63L (generally with BA-
58, foamed silica)
• Dowell’s D60, D167, D168, D500, D600, D134 - D135
• Halliburton’s Halad 9, Halad 22A, Halad 344, Halad
567

– Modified Job Design

• Stage Cementing
• Applied Pressure from surface
 Gas Migration Additives (con’t.)
 Moderate Flow Potential
– Fluid Loss Control
• BJ’s FL-32, FL-32L, FL-63, FL-63L with BA-58
• Dowell’s D60, D167, D168, GasBlok, (D500, D600,
D134 - D135)
• Halliburton’s Halad 9, Halad 22A, Halad 344, Halad
567

– Thirtropic

– Right-Angle Set
• BJ’s special slurry design
• Dowell’s RFC, D111, Crete Slurries
• Halliburton’s Gas Stop
 Gas Migration Additives (con’t.)
 Severe Flow Potential
– Fluid Control
• BJ’s FL-32, FL-32L, FL-63, FL-63L with BA-58
• Dowell’s GasBlok System
• Halliburton’s Halad 344, Halad 567

– Gas Entrained Slurries

• BJ’s BA-29, Foam Cement
• Dowell’s Foam Cement
• Halliburton’s Super CBL, Foam Cement
 Test Procedures
 Regular Fluid Loss Cell

 Modified Fluid Loss Cell

 Transition Time
– Gel Strength Development
• 0 gel strength
• Transition Time (100 to 500 lbs. Per 100 sq. ft.)
 Test Procedures (con’t.)
 Various Gas Flow Models
– BJ’s Gas Flow
– Dowell’s Gas Flow
– Halliburton’s Gas Flow
– Elf’s Gas Flow
– Shell’s Gas Flow