THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 25
Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
About this Chapter

• Overview of how major systems are involved in

the metabolism for skeletal muscle contraction
• How the extreme activities of exercise disrupt
homeostasis
• Focus on how the circulatory & respiratory
systems integrate their responses to exercise
demands
• How exercise impacts health

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Integration of Metabolism:
Review of Roles of Systems in Muscle Contraction

• Reactants
• Transport
• Conversions
• Energy produced
• Contractions
• Respiration
• Excretion
• Endocrine
• Nervous
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Integration of Metabolism:
Review of Roles of Systems in Muscle Contraction

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25-1: Energy metabolism in skeletal muscle
Energy for Skeletal Muscle Contraction

• ATP & ADP

• Phosphocreatine
• Aerobic paths
• Anaerobic paths
• (glycolytic metabolism)

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Sustaining Muscle contractions: ATP Sources/Time
• Phosphocreatine: Short bursts at maximal effort
• Anaerobic: Intermediate duration intense effort
• Aerobic: Long duration at reduced effort

Figure 25-2: Speed of ATP production compared

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings with ability to sustain maximal muscle activity
Hormonal regulation of Energy Source for ATP
Production

• (Huge body reserves – glucose 2000 & FAAs

70,000 Kcal)
• Exercise intensity
• Glucose
• Fatty acids

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Hormonal regulation of Energy Source for ATP
Production

• Metabolic Shifts
• Glucagon
• Cortisol
• Epinep./NE
• GH
• (insulin)

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Hormonal regulation of Energy Source for ATP
Production

Figure 25-3: Use of carbohydrates and fats with increasing exercise

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Oxygen Consumption:
Factors Sustaining or Limiting Exercise

• O2 consumption:: to  exercise (measure w/Vo2

max)
• Limiting factors:
• O2 – cell availability, (O2 deficit)
• O2 – transport to: mitochondria, to cell, to
blood, or to lung

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Oxygen Consumption:
Factors Sustaining or Limiting Exercise

Figure 25-4: Changes in oxygen consumption during and after exercise

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Respiratory Ventilation:
Exercise Induced hyperventilation

• Feed forward Reflex: CNS

• Feedback reflexes:
• Motor sensors
• Joint movement
• Muscle contraction
• Chemo sensors
• O2 & CO2 levels
• Synchronized w/ cardiac output
• Plasma: [O2], [CO2] & [ pH]
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Respiratory Ventilation:
Exercise Induced hyperventilation

Figure 25-5: Changes in ventilation with submaximal exercise

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory Ventilation:
Exercise Induced hyperventilation

Figure 25-6: Changes in blood gas, partial

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings pressures, and arterial pH with exercise
Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

• Cardiac output
•  5 to 35 L/min
• Rate  2-3 X
• Blood distribution
•  muscles to 88% of all blood
•  other tissues (except brain)

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Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Figure 25-7: Distribution of cardiac output at rest and during exercise

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Homeostatic Balancing of Exercise:
“Controlled Disruption”
• Feed forward reflexes
• Anticipate demand
• Heart & lungs
• Protective reflexes
• Stretch damage
• Temperature 
• sweating
•  peripheral
• blood flow
• redistribution
• Blood pressure  constant
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Homeostatic Balancing of Exercise:
“Controlled Disruption”

Figure 25-8: Peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure during exercise
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Health Advantages of Regular Exercise:
Quality of Life
•  Cardiovascular disease risks: heart attack,
stroke, high BP
•  blood pressure
•  LDL & triglycerides
•  HDL  risks for diabetes
• [blood [glucose]
•  obesity
•  stress association
•  immune function
• (to a point)
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Health Advantages of Regular Exercise:
Quality of Life

Figure 25-9b: The effect of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Health Advantages of Regular Exercise:
Quality of Life

Figure 25-10: Immune function and exercise

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary

• Exercise challenges a range of many systems

involved in metabolism to produce maximal
energy from various nutrient sources
• Phosphocreatine most quickly produces ATP for
muscle contraction while anaerobic glycolysis is
intermediate
• Aerobic ATP production is needed for endurance
exercise

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary

• Ventilation and cardiac rate and output undergo

huge changes which are anticipated by feed
forward reflexes and protected by other reflexes to
keep BP and temperature in homeostatic
• Exercise reduces risk factors in some most
common health problems: heart disease, obesity ,
diabetes, and stress

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings